Justice and Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Justice and Law - Essay Example Lay judges work together to decide upon whether or not there is sufficient evidence for a defendant to be sent to be tried at a higher court. They also settle some matters involving family law. (Clark, 1992). In Germany, laypeople serve as judges in the commercial and criminal sections of state district courts. Serving on a panel of two or three, they work for a fixed term and are paid for their services. While in other countries, lay judges are only used at lower court levels, in Germany they are also used in the appellate Federal Labor Court and the Federal Social Security Court. In these instances they serve in a mixed tribunal, where professional judges constitute the majority. (Clark, 1992). France uses laypeople to a great degree in a series of specialized tribunals. Commercial hearings involve the use of business people elected by their peers, who serve for an initial two year term and then up to four more four year terms. Cases involving labor disputes make use of five groups of laypeople that represent the five sections of the economy. Each group is made up of the same number of people, and within each group there are the same number of employee representatives and employer representatives. These laypeople are elected to serve a term of six years. Similarly, social security cases involve the use one employee representative and one employer representative; these laypeople are chosen by organizations to serve a five year term. Cases involving rural leases use two representatives of farm leasers and two elected representatives of farm lessees that are elected to serve a term of six years. In all of the aforementioned specialized tribunals, laypeople are not paid for th eir services. (Clark, 1992). Historically, socialist countries such as China have used laypeople to quite an extensive degree. China used to use a large number of lay judges elected by residents to serve alongside professional judges. In the last couple of decades, however, the use of judges has become more professionalized; less and less laypeople are being used. Many cases are now being determined by a single judge, which gets rid of the need for laypeople. (Clark, 1992). In Japan, on the other hand, laypeople are being used to an even greater extent than ever. Beginning in May 2009, jury duty for laypeople will sometimes include cases that involve the death penalty. (Peters, 2008). In contrast to Japan giving weighty decisions to laypeople, Saudi Arabia barely uses laypeople. Based on the highly religious Sharia (Islamic Law), laypeople are not considered to understand Sharia; nor is this sort of material made easily accessible to them. In addition, many people in Saudi Arabia are illiterate. The scant use of laypeople in Saudi Arabia has led to much corruption in the courts there. (Human Rights Watch, 2008). While the United States sometimes uses fines as punishments for minor offenses, this is much more commonly done in Western Europe where it is also used for major criminal offenses. Judges in the United States have faced difficulty punishing criminals with fines that are fair in terms of what they did and what their economic situation is like. In Western Europe, however, day fines are used. Day fines are the fines that are adjusted to be proportional to an

Communication, Conflict, Negotiation and Leadership in Germany Research Paper

Communication, Conflict, Negotiation and Leadership in Germany - Research Paper Example The Hofstede Model identifies cultures based on five dimensions: power distance, masculinity/femininity, uncertainty avoidance, individualism/collectivism, and long-term/short-term orientation (Hofstede, 2001). The models' scores countries on a scale of 0 to 100 and there are comparisons made between and among countries. Hofstede initially made the scores during the 1970s but succeeding grades provided in recent years have proved that the grades are still valid. Additional 200 studies were further made to validate the indexes done by Hofstede. The model could be used in dealing with communication, negotiation, management, business, and marketing in the global scene (Hofstede, 2001). 2.1. Power Distance Power distance dimension refers to the belief of individuals in the lower echelon of the society that power is unequally distributed. Hofstede suggests that inequality is endorsed by the members instead of the leaders. Countries that scored high in power distance maintain all individua ls’ role in the society. In cultures with low power distance, roles have to be defined. Germany has a score of 35 in Hofstede’s power distance which is 36% below the world average and 14% below the U.S. score. The score shows Germany’s decentralized societies and flat organization structures. Most important, Germans are loyal to their employers and would not disclose company-related data to unauthorized groups or people (Workman, 2008). 2.2. Masculinity/Femininity In masculine societies, the important aspects are achievements and success while feminine societies focus on caring for other individuals. Masculine societies do not promote sharing of households between males and females. Also, feminine cultures show men’s involvement in shopping activities (Eurostat, 2002). Germany scored 66 points on masculinity, which is 32% higher than the world average and 6% higher than the U.S. Based on Hofstede’s scores; Germans do value earnings, advancement, mo ney, and recognition. Most Germans value success and their current state as the global performer have been sustained. 2.3. Uncertainty Avoidance The concept of uncertainty avoidance pertains to the reaction of people when dealing with ambiguities. Countries with high scores of uncertainty avoidance require established rules and structures. People in this culture are not open to changes and have low flexibility. Meanwhile, cultures with low uncertainty avoidance operate with few rules and are more open to opinions. Germany’s score in this dimension is 65 points which are 2% higher than the world average and 41% higher than the U.S. This indicates that Germans are less open to risks and are more concerned with security. Most important, Germans are disciplined and insists on strict conduct codes. 2.4. Individualism/Collectivism Individualistic cultures show individuals who focus on their own welfare and their immediate family members.

Lessons 13-16 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lessons 13-16 - Essay Example The winds should also be a light wind with an approximate of under 15 knots. Additionally, the water needs to be of lower temperatures, which are some of the ideal conditions for surfing. The 9.0 Japan earthquake of March 11, 2011 was indeed a surprise to many. Scientists, despite having predicted the earthquakes occurrence, never expected its large size. Additionally, the earthquake resulted in the death of approximately 18,000 people, even though warnings were issued especially in people’s cell phones. The earthquake also shifted the earth from its normal axis of rotation through the redistribution of mass. Question 2: Looking at the Ring of Fire, name 8 other countries, besides Japan, that are familiar with frequent earthquakes. Tell me about 1 of them that made headlines in the news within the past year. In the ring of fire, other countries familiar with frequent earthquakes besides Japan include Canada, United States, Costa Rica, Mexico, Bolivia, Chile, Guatemala, and Russia. One of the nations that has made headlines in the past year is Costa Rica, in which a powerful earthquake of a magnitude of up to7.6 shook the nation and a wide swath of Central America early in the morning in mid-2013, making substantive news headlines. Pacific Ring of Fire refers to an area with frequent occurrences of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, contributed to by tectonic shifts in the earth’s plates. Because of such factors, the pacific ring of fire experiences an increased number of tsunamis considering the frequent movement of the earth’s plates. There exist three major types of tides, semidiurnal tides, mixed tides, and diurnal tides. Semidiurnal tides involve the existence of two high tides of equal heights and two low tides of equal heights. Mixed tides on the other side have two periods of high water and two periods of low water each day; however, the tidal heights are not equal.

Article Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Article Review - Essay Example 366). That is, operational or primary teams comprise permanent workers with diversified skills organized to produce a product. Secondly, service teams are likely to be based on the need to service a particular or group of client(s) to provide particular service to a wide range of customers. Finally, cross – functional teams consist of representatives from various functions and disciplines. These tend to be set up for a particular purpose. They could be part-time or full-time for a fixed period of time. It is important to note that the organization on a whole should be committed to team work or else all efforts will prove futile. This concept of teamwork if carried out appropriately and effectively will be transferred into relationships with customers and suppliers which have been proven to be mutually beneficial. The quality of team members will make the difference between a successful and an unsuccessful team. Hence, time and effort must be placed into the selection process. The findings of Dr Meredith Belbin, though theoretical, suggests that â€Å"imperfect people can make perfect teams† (p. 367) and â€Å" the roles, skills and contributions of individual members of a team are complementary† (p. 367).

Why People Should be Concern about Global Warming Effects Essay

Why People Should be Concern about Global Warming Effects - Essay Example Among the environmental issues today is Global Warming. This is the effect of releasing too much Carbon Dioxide to the air. This compound will break up the bonds of the layer of compound that protects our atmosphere from UV rays and too much heat of the sun. When there is a lot of Carbon Dioxide in the air, it will thin up the ozone layer that protects all inhabitants in the earth. The ozone layer in the earth's atmosphere serves as protection from the sun's heat and radiation. Without this layer of gasses, Sun's heat penetrates much and it will be impossible for life to exist. There are a lot that causes of global warming. One of the causes of this environmental issue is the gasses released by power plants. This is the cause of more than a third of U. S. Carbon Dioxide emission (Public Interests Research, 2001). Another cause also is from the trucks and vehicles gasses. It has been known that a third of U. S. CO2 emission is due to these vehicles. Among the other causes are CFC's from aerosols and refrigerators, burning of fossil fuel, and burning of plastic (Save the Environment p.2). Big plants and companies around the world has been spending million or even billion of dollars just to get away about this issue. They had spent a lot just to discredit those scientific researches that prove that they cause harmful effects not just on human's health but to our environment directly. Some of these power coalitions are powerful and known oil, power, and auto companies who followed the lead of tobacco companies. Not only are those companies that contributed this present issue of global warming. Aside from those we are to blame also our trucks and vehicles for contributing for this problem. CFC or Chlorofluorocarbon that are present in aerosol spray, air-conditioning unit and refrigerators is one of the major causes of global warming. Almost residences in earth do have refrigerators; we use refrigerators to avoid spoilage of our food or food preservations. Air-conditioning unit is known also to offices and other establishments for cooling the surrounding. Aerosols are rampantly used for hair spray, air freshener and even spray paints (Webster Encyclopedia, p. 28). Another major cause of global warming is burning of fossil fuels. The gasses produced of this burning can largely cause global warming and may even leads to greenhouse effects. Burning fossil fuels somehow can't be avoided since a lot of us are dependent in this kind of energy or power source. This will cause the heating up of the earth's surface because these gasses accumulate to the upper atmosphere. Solar radiation can then passes through and reach the earth but heat is prevented from radiating back. This will then cause to the increase of Earth's atmospheric temperature. Plastic burning or incineration is even not excused on the problem of global warming. The burning of this synthesized material can also contribute to the said issue. Since plastics are inorganic materials and therefore do not decay (Webster Encyclopedia p. 654) there a lot of us burn it to dispose. Some do these because even if you burry or put plastics in compose pits, it never decay and disintegrate. As we look at our lifestyle today people love to use those trendy plastic bags and forgot the effect it may give to our

International Studies(History) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Studies(History) - Essay Example The migration of technology and cultures can be represented by the Semites, Indo-Europeans, and Chinese. While there is mingling of cultures, agricultural advancement also takes place in isolation. Still, there is widespread and diverse opinion about the roots of the revolution and the spark that ignited this great change. The fragmented historical record reveals that the Neolithic Revolution was propelled by the confluence of a number of positive feedback loops. Positive feedback loops in nature dictate that a small change instigates another force, which magnifies the original change. It is often debated whether the population expansion dictated more agricultural production, or if the increase in the availability of food resulted in more people. Prior to the Neolithic period, man domesticated dogs, presumably for the purpose of hunting (McNeill, 1963, p.8). This would be followed by the domestication of the "cow, sheep, goat, pig, and horse" (Diamond, 1999, p.159). In each case the animal served a purpose, such as transportation, packing cargo, or as a source of food. However, the keeping of animals also allowed the tribe to become less nomadic and more sedentary in their lifestyle, and demand that the tribe cultivate its plant food sources. As the animals provided work and food, the need to feed them would necessitate agricultural techniques that would form a positive feedback loop to increase the available food supply and expand the popul ation. As tribes began to settle in one area, the production of food became the paramount concern. Large draft animals made the plow and large-scale tillage possible by 4000 BC (Diamond, 1999, p.89). These improvements would allow the formation of villages and permanent residences occupied year around. Plant breeding and selection for the best producing crops could take place. This would allow a larger population and would make long-range expeditions more likely as they would be able to

Educating Rita-Characters Essay Example for Free

Educating Rita-Characters Essay Main characters Rita and Frank are the only two characters whom we see on stage, though other people are referred to by both of them. We hear about Denny, Ritas husband, about Julia, Franks partner, and about Trish, Ritas flatmate, who attempts to kill herself. But it is Rita and Frank whom the audience gets to know best. Rita: Rita is a working-class, twenty-six-year-old hairdresser who has taken the decisive step of enrolling on a literature course at the Open University. It has been a difficult decision as it means that she has to break away from the restrictions imposed on her by her husband and by the community in which she lives and works. Indeed, Ritas choice is a stark one: it is between starting a family, which Denny wants, or studying. In deciding to study and become more educated and culturally aware, Rita changes her life completely. She gradually becomes absorbed by culture and literature. It is only after her flatmate attempts suicide that she begins to realise that art and literature cannot provide all the answers. However, she decides to continue as a student and finally passes her examination. Frank: Frank is a university lecturer in English Literature with a drink problem. He has had one failed marriage and his present relationship wit Julia is not an easy one. However, he does appear to have a comfortable middle-class lifestyle and has achieved some minor success as a poet. His job, nevertheless, bores him and, in fact, by the end of the play, he has been sent away to Australia by the university authorities because of his drunken behaviour. Rita breezes into his life like a breath of fresh air; the story of the play is the story of their developing and changing relationships both as teacher and student and on a more personal level.