The Effects of the Cold War on the Americas - 2241 Words

The Effects of the Cold War on the Americas For nearly fifty years, the world lived in fear as two super-power nations quietly battled for power, respect and popularity of their respective political views. The Cold War arose out of the ashes of the failed alliance between the United States and the Soviet Union in World War II. Many different factors could be linked to the actual cause of the Cold War, however many agree that the political future of Eastern Europe was the major spark that ignited the battle between Communist Russia and Capitalist America1. The American fear of the spread of communism and their ambition to penetrate the Iron Curtain only added fuel to the fire that had been burning for some time already. Although the†¦show more content†¦However, that is not to say that they were the only region of the Americas that was affected. It is important to note that the Cold War was not necessarily a war against the Soviets, but rather a war against Communism, and any nation who supported it, and the United States was driven to put an end to the spread of it, no matter what part of the world in which it existed. The central focus, outside of Russia, for the US was Cuba and Fidel Castro - the Anti-American, Pro-Soviet leader of the revolutionist country. Castro, although not originally a communist, had plans of revolution that the US felt would undermine U.S. interests throughout Latin America, thus President Eisenhower planned to overthrow Castro via a CIA-led invasion12. As Castro learned of this, he established diplomatic relations with the Soviets, and signed and economic aid agreement with the Soviet Union and arms agreements with various East European countries, thus becoming the chief military and economic backer of the Soviet Bloc13. This was the groundwork for what would be the biggest threat to our world up to that point in history Ââ€" the realistic threat of an all out nuclear war that was the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. In order to offset Americas nuclear upper hand and to deter a U.S. invasion of Cuba Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev deployedShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War and Its Effect on The History of America Essay1706 Words   |  7 Pages The Cold War was the ideological conflict between the two superpowers of the world, the democratic United States of America and the communist Soviet Union. For over fifty years the two superpowers fought each other indirectly for power and control of the world. The Cold War started after the end of the Second World War in 1945 when the eyes of both superpowers were no longer looking at Nazi Germany, but instead at each other and the fate of the rest of the world. The Cold War began after the SecondRead MoreEffects Of The Cold War On The World1572 Words   |  7 PagesNguyen The Cold War was a time of conflict that occurred somewhere around 1945 and 1990 although some International scholars held the thought that the Cold War began in 1917 Russian disclosure in any case, it was between the USA and its allies mostly the Western nations and the Eastern coalition led by the USSR however, the two forces did not battle or utilized weapons against one another, it was battled through Nuclear Arms race, intermediary wars, ideological impact and propaganda war and in thisRead MoreThe Cold War On American Culture Essay1489 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cold War was a pivotal time in American history. To a greater degree than most other wars, the Cold War affected American society in unfathomable and profound ways. More specifically, American culture transformed immensely during this time. From a constant state of anxiety, to changes in media and the arts, to McCarthyism; the Cold War fervently affected the quality of life, personal expression, and American politics. Pr edominantly, the Cold War inflicted fear and apprehension within the AmericanRead MoreAmerica And The Soviet Union1560 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica and the Soviet Union were on the brink of world destruction. The Cold War was one of the most frightening times in American history but strangely the difference between the cold war and the other major wars was the two superpowers in the United States of America and the Soviet Union never actually fought in any battle or had attacked the other through the long 50 years. It affected many people from the fear of destruction, the wave of patriotism in people for their country, and to the waveRead MoreRichard Byrd s The Cold War1340 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cold War, spanning almost half a century, was a conflict that accelerated the production of nuclear weapons and forced the United States and the other belligerent, the Soviet Union, to make scientific advances at a rate unseen in any other time in human history. The Cold War Comes to Ma in Street: America in 1950, written by Lisle A. Rose, thoroughly examines the year 1950 in the United States and the effect that the Cold War had on the American populous. Rose examines communism and the militaryRead MoreThe Cold War On The World906 Words   |  4 Pagesshort amount of time. The Cold War was a time of determination to stop communism in the eyes of the United States. It also was a time for America to better itself and finding the flaws within their own Country. There was a policy set up stating that the States would help out any country in need that was being invaded by a communist country. The U.S. came up with this policy in efforts to stop the expansion of communism across the globe. During this period of change, America went through a great amountRead MoreCurrent Events and US Diplomacy on Truman Doctrine957 Words   |  4 PagesCurrent Events and US Diplomacy: The introduction of the Truman Doctrine in March 1947 by President Harry S. Truman was an outline for the basic foreign policy that America would use against Communism and the Soviet Union for nearly four decades. While President Truman assumed office while inexperienced in global affairs, the doctrine demonstrated his firm stewardship on foreign policy. The doctrine, which was eventually adopted as an international relations policy, was introduced in a speechRead MoreThe Cold War On The Past And Present Military Technology1310 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cold War’s Effect and Impact on the Past and Present Military Technology The high level military protection Americans may take for granted today was a result of a war that never took place. The Cold War was an era that lasted over four decades from 1947-1991 in which America and Russia raced to outdo each other in upholding their beliefs of government, that is capitalism vs communism. Surprisingly, however, a far greater impact was seen on the technological bmm advancements in America. ThisRead MoreThe Red Hunts And The Cold War Essay1679 Words   |  7 Pagesallied countries during the Cold War, from the early 1950’s to the late 1960’s. I will investigate the way in which the escalation of the Cold War led to communist paranoia in Western countries and how this ‘Red Scare’ was spread through propaganda and magnified by the intense fear of military and nuclear conflict during the Cold War. The red hunts must be viewed in context - as a symptom of communist paranoia that influenced most of the western world during the Cold War . I will then examine the manyRead MoreWwii And The Cold War875 Words   |  4 PagesWWII and the Cold War were two very important wars in the history of the world. They both had a important role in the development of the world. The Cold War impacted society and politics more so than WWII by aiding countries in hopes of making them join their regime, the use of propaganda techniques to portray the other superpower as weak, the fear of annihilation due to nuclear weapons, and the war between communism and democracy. After WWII, much of Europe was left in ruins and millions of people

The Power Of The Mind And The Personality - 1782 Words

Introduction Of the seventeen insightful readings of foundational theories, case studies, and research into â€Å"understanding people,† I found that twelve were profoundly compelling to my understanding of human behavior in organizations. These twelve, in my judgement, form the rather extensive overarching theme of â€Å"the power of the mind and the personality.† In my paper, I aim to provide an analysis of how organizations are essentially directed by minds and personalities by synthesizing the concepts provided by the readings into four topics: people and organizations, values of an organization, attributes of positive leadership, and skilled decision-making. As I hope to make clear in the following analysis, these topics constantly inform and affect one another, creating dynamic organizations in both the public, private, nonprofit spheres. People and Organizations As alluded to in Identity Work, the underlying link between people and their organizations is a sense of identity (Beech, Macintosh, Mcinnes, 2008). A sense of identity guides individuals in how they feel that they are a part of an organization. The identity of people in organizations is a vital aspect for any leader to focus on, as identity is greatly associated with job outcomes. As found in a study of German banks, the strength of identification with a group and the self-esteem derived from membership in that group results in consequent higher job satisfaction and lower turnover ((Beech, Macintosh, Mcinnes,Show MoreRelatedSensitive Period and Absorbent Mind1093 Words   |  5 Pagesonly man has this. -The Absorbent Mind, p55, Chapter 7. â€Å"A child possesses an active psychic life even when he cannot manifest it, and must secretly perfect this inner live over a long period of time, it is the spirit of the child that can determine the course of human progress and lead it perhaps even to a higher form of civilization.† The child will be born with innate potential and creative energy, which helps the child to grow into a unified personality. The child will be born with 8 psychicRead MoreEssay On Mental Illness In Macbeth1182 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth, the prosecution will claim a tale of a power-hungry man who let ambition get the best of him. They will present physical evidence of him with the dagger, him conspiring with his wife, and him hiring men to kill. However, the evidence presented today by the defense will tell the true story: a man overtaken by mental illness. Macbeth displays the classic signs of narcissistic personality disorder: elevated sense of entitlement and delusions about power. While Macbeth did commit the murders, he wasRead MoreLord Of The Flies Freud Analysis884 Words   |  4 PagesFreud’s Personality Theory in Lord of the Flies William Golding’s novel, Lord of the Flies, showcases Sigmund Freud’s personality theory. This theory states that there are three major personalities that everyone can fit into. Three characters from Lord of the Flies: Jack, Ralph, and Piggy, fit into Freud’s personalities of id, ego, and superego respectively. The id is Freud’s definition of the irrational, animalistic part of the mind (Structure of Mind: Freuds Id, Ego, Superego). Jack, the leadRead MoreThe Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1323 Words   |  6 PagesMental illness is an ambiguous term which encompasses several psychological disorders. For example, any person experiencing dissociative identity disorder, best known by one of its former terms, â€Å"multiple personality disorder†, will exhibit forms of insanity. While they may not realise that they are appearing insane, those around them will notice. From the different characteristics and mannerisms to sometimes a different appearance, these symptoms display those associated with insanity. While theRead MorePsychoanalytic vs. Social Cognitive Essay788 Words   |  4 Pageswe are, what drives our personality? Is it driven by deep seeded sexual desires or is it something a bit more mundane, something that while we still have no control over, is easily studied? Every single individual has a personality; it is the very quintessence of human existence. Personality drives our interactions with others, our desires – conscious and unconscious, our perceived needs, and to a certain extent, even our actions. Psychodynamic approaches to personality are focused on the beliefRead MoreEssay on Contemplating Sartres No Exit963 Words   |  4 PagesExit, Sartre provides a compelling answer to the problem of other minds through the medium of drama. He puts two women (Inez and Estelle) in one hotel room with one man (Garcin) for all of eternity. This is his concept of hell, and he makes this point in one of the last few lines of the play: Hell is--other people! There are no torture racks or red-hot pitchforks in hell because theyre after an economy of man-power--or devil-power if you prefer. Each person is there (in hell) for a specific reason:Read MoreEssay Personality1102 Words   |  5 PagesPersonality just like a lot of things in life is kind of solid and may be hard to specify now and again. The most common definition is the comparatively constant features that are lasting and classifiable which implies it distinguishes people from the crowd. Psychologists that analyze personalities attempt to dissect why people behave differently to contrasting situations so much because how one individual behaves shy when they first encounter a stranger or when a few people are simply natural andRead MoreThe Power of Fear Illustrated in The Storm Essay939 Words   |  4 Pagesdefinition it is a distressing emotion aroused by impending danger, evil, or pain, whether the threat is real or imaginary. Fear has power, but only when the person feeling it gives it power. In â€Å"The Storm† Janet gives power to her fear, and by doing so, fear masks what Janet should truly be afraid of, leading to the development of her character, the conflicts within her mind, and the overall theme of the short story. Throughout the story, Janet is depicted as a person with a â€Å"pale face with a bluntRead MoreA Comparative Analysis of the Psychoanalytic Theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and Alfred Alders1012 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Human beings portray diverse personalities. The underlying factors determine the human behavior and the dynamism of human personality. Some of the personality traits deeply exist in the unconscious mind. They get revealed in a number of ways which includes slip of the tongue and dreams. The aim of this study is to compare and contrast the similarities and the differences in the three theories that derived by Sigmund Freund, Carl Jung and Alfred Alders. The study will look at my personalRead MorePsychoanalytic Criticism Of Freud s Theory Of Human Personality Essay1039 Words   |  5 Pagesareas of the mind that grapple with our dominance as we grow from infancy, to childhood, to adulthood. The id being known as ...the house of the drives, the ego, ...one of the major defenses against the power of the drives...   (Purdue University), and the superego, being the point of the unconscious that houses judgment.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of human personality asserts that human behavior is the outcome of interactions made among the three component parts of the mind: the id, ego

Essay on Music in the Sixties - 1140 Words

Music in the Sixties My topic is Music in the Sixties. In my essay I would like to determine that events that occurred during the 1960’s had a significant effect on some of the music that was produced. I believe that certain music and musical events derived from peoples feelings and views on things that occurred during the 60’s. Some of these events include the Vietnam War, the Civil Rights Movement, politics, and society as a whole. There were many different stereotypes and prejudices. There was war going on, and there were many people who were trying to focus on peace. My main goal is to show how these events may have influenced people’s music, and also to emphasize how music was used to unify people despite all of the negativity that†¦show more content†¦Woodstock was a huge music and art fair that lasted 3 days in the summer of 1969. The site tells who sponsored Woodstock, what different people’s opinions were on the purpose of the festival, and what occurred over the course of the planning and duration of the concert. The promoters wanted to link the theme of the concert to the anti-war sentiment. Many people who were involved were stereotyped as drug users or left -wing politicians because of their appearances. These events, although intended to send a message of peace, also caused a great deal of conflict. In addition to this information we are given the names of the performers who participated in the concert. This site also has information of other events that took place during the 60’s, such as The Monterey International Pop Festival, which took place in order to show that pop music should be accepted as a serious art form, as jazz was. This event first took place in the summer of 1967. This site also includes additional links, but these are the ones that I felt were useful. The second source that I used is titled Colored Reflections lt;http://net4tv.com/color/index.htm. This site has information on the 1950’s through the 1990’s. In the 1960’s section, it starts off by telling us that the 60’s was considered the New Frontier since we had a young president, John f. Kennedy, in office. It says that he was †¦the inspiration for this new decade. (par.1) ThisShow MoreRelated Music and the Sixties Essays909 Words   |  4 PagesMusic and the Sixties What the music of the late 1960s and early 1970 are attempting to achieve is a protest to the U.S. government. From the lyrics of Neil Youngs Ohio performed by Crosby, Stills, Nash, and Young, the vocalists are memorializing the incident that occurred during a protest about U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War in Kent State University where nine students were injured and four students were killed by the Ohio National Guardsmen who opened fire on unarmed students: Read MoreMusic of the Sixties Essay1105 Words   |  5 PagesMusic in the Sixties The music of the sixties went through tremendous change. It shaped mush of the music we hear today. From New Orleans came Jazz, from the East Coast came rock, from the West Coast came Psychedelic rock, and from England came the Invasion. In 1963 the Beatles shattered the dreariness of the music business. And with them came rock, the music of the sixties, and a music quite different from rock’n’roll. The jazz era had slowly faded away and in came the Beatles, possiblyRead MoreMusic, Culture And Ideology Of The Sixties Post War Generation1184 Words   |  5 PagesFrom the early basement concerts at the Cavern Club to the impromptu roof-top session atop Apple Studios, The Beatles were a phenomenon that influenced the music, culture and ideology of the Sixties’ post-war generation. With the spectre of their parents’ war behind them, British teens of the early 1960s ushered in a hitherto-unknown youth culture into a society ready for positive change. Paul McCartney said in conversation with biographer Barry Miles. â€Å"This working-class explosion was all happeningRead MoreSixties Music and How it Reflected the Changing Times Essay1715 Words   |  7 PagesSixties Music and How it Reflecte d the Changing Times The 1960’s in the United States was a decade marred by social unrest, civil rights injustice, and violence both home and abroad. These were some of the factors that lead to a cultural revolution. The revolution attempted to diverge the fabric of American society. Teenagers were living dangerously and breaking away from the ideals that their parents held. In the process they created their own society (Burns 1990). They were young andRead MoreThe Sixties Between The Microgrooves : Using Folk And Protest Music1766 Words   |  8 Pageswent from outspoken newspaper articles to large rallies, and during the Vietnam War, music was a prevalent tool in aiding the protests. Allowing political messages to be shared nationally, the music had touched the lives of the younger generation. Author Jerome L. Rodnitzky explains in his journal, â€Å"The Sixties between the Microgrooves: Using Folk and Protest Music to Understand American History, 1963-1973†, how music was â€Å" trying to be all things to all people†, which created a way for Americans toRead More Pop Culture in 1960s and 1990s Essay802 Words   |  4 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In comparing the sixties and the nineties, my first thought was how much popular culture has changed since then and how different society is today. The strange thing is, the more I tried to differentiate between them, the more similarities I found. Both the sixties and the nineties were about youth, creativity, free-thinking, and expression. With the nineties coming to a close and the popularity of anything ?retro, I decided to compare the fashions, people, music, and issues that definedRead More Changes Since The Sixties Essay878 Words   |  4 Pagestime guzzling metal detectors at the airports... or the schools. There were no grouchy warning labels on the records and no ratings necessary on the movies. And TV shows were acceptable to the whole family. Those were the sixties or at least part of it. Some of the 52 million sixties’ boomers called it the decade of peace, harmony and love mainly for the movement for peace and the â€Å"flower power† attitude. Others, a little more pessimistic, called it the decade of dissatisfaction because of the protestsRead MoreChanges Since the Sixties916 Words   |  4 Pagestime guzzling metal detectors at the airports... or the schools. There were no grouchy warning labels on the records and no ratings necessary on the movies. And TV shows were acceptable to the whole family. Those were the sixties or at least part of it. Some of the 52 million sixties boomers called it the decade of peace, harmony and love mainly for the movement for peace and the flower power attitude. Others, a little more pessimistic, called it the decade of dissatisfaction because of the protestsRead MoreChicanos And The Liberal Agenda1075 Words   |  5 PagesChicanos and the Liberal Agenda In the early sixties, when times were of segregation, racism and discrimination, Chicanos often suffered the most. It was a dark time for Mexican-Americans, who were negatively referred as ‘Chicanos’. Chicanos did not always have the empowered meaning it has today. In the early sixties, ‘Chicano’ was often used to refer to Mexican-Americans’ as lower class, ignorant and as a derogatory racial identification. Furthermore, racism, exploitation, inequality, conformityRead MoreHow 1960s Has Impacted And Influenced Today s Society1396 Words   |  6 Pages The sixties was one of the most impactful decades pertaining to culture revolutions; it is the decade that brought into play some of the problems and privileges that the present is dealing with now. The sixties brought the gay movement, women’s rights, the drug revolution, and has also impacted music as well. One of the most well-known things about the sixties is its music. Bands in the sixties started to break the conservative boundaries by talking about drugs and sex in their music; the drugs

Identifying and Managing Control System †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Identifying and Managing Control System. Answer: Introduction The following reported study contains a business case for Bakers World, a small bakery business in Townsville, Australia. The local business of the bakery involves three retail stores in the target market. Meanwhile, the business was set up a couple of years ago with a single outlet. Currently, increased demand due to the quality of products has forced the business to improve the accounting system so that the financial process will be maintained and restructured accordingly (Schaltegger, Bennett Burritt, 2016). In order to maximise the full capacity of the production units and meet the seasonal demand of bakery items, the business case will suggest the introduction of the most valid option. Moreover, the project plan elaborates critical assumptions and constraints to be considered (Cain, 2011). In addition, the valid options must be evaluated to identify the preliminary requirements of the project. Lastly, the study report identifies the budget estimates, financial analysis, project schedule, and risks associated with the project plan. The fundamental aim of the business case is to implement a change in accounting system so that manual system can be replaced to accomplish the potential financial objectives. By introducing a change, the current business structure will be benefitted. Also, by implementing a change in the accounting system, Bakers World can utilise the full financial capacity to expand their business set up in the target market. Evidently, the proposed change in the accounting system can ensure the long-term business viability of Bakers World (Harrison Horngren, 2014). To set up the change, the estimated budget allowance is $30,000. Effectively, the entire change process in the business has been expected to complete within 120 days. Systematically, the business case also predicts the benefits from the change operations on the business in the upcoming future. In the current business scenario, the growth in revenue and profitability of Bakers World has created challenges in managing the accounting system in a manual way. Due to the manual system, the billing of products has been a time-consuming process (Rupert Kern, 2015). Also, the lack of inventory management has created a number of issues in the production units limiting the capacity of production. Hence, the introduction of latest accounting system can release the excess pressure to maintain financial objectives manually (Nandhakumar Jones, 2011). Also, the participation of the new system will help to increase consumer service as billing process can be a lot easier and error free. By initiating the online based accounting system, the strategic plan of the business will be improved. In the recent time, the management has faced a number of issues in managing the accounting system in a traditional way. By implementing the online system, invoicing of the products will become considerably easier. Therefore, customer service will be boosted. On the other hand, the introduction of the online accounting system can link the entire accounts of the three outlets so that management of inventory, costs, and sales report etc. will be done in an effective and error free manner (Levin, 2008). The makeover of the system will definitely contribute towards the long-term business growth for the bakery business. Critical Assumption and Constraints The critical assumptions and constraints associated with the business project plan have been described as follows: All the financial forecast developed for the makeover of accounting system is based on assumptions (Broadbent, 2011). It is assumed that the entire budget of the project will be around $30,000. It is assumed that the entire project will be developed within 120 days. Predictably, the return on investment will be reflected after 12 months of initiating the project. In the meanwhile, the facilities provided to the existing employees will be utilised during the ongoing project. In terms of increasing the potentials of the production units as well as the inventory system, the management must identify the existing issues with the traditional accounting system. During the implementation of the online-based accounting software, all the previous data and resources must be transferred to the electronic system at the beginning. Also, the cost of shifting the system from traditional to online must validate the financial returns and benefits in the long-term (Broadbent, 2011). At the time of implementing the new system, training of staff members can be identified as a vital factor as well to maintain balance at work (Barsky, Catanach Kozlowski, 2013). However, the management will be recommended to continue both the traditional and online-based accounting system for some time. Clearly, it should be an alternative option to continue the business proceedings while introducing the system change. Also, the project management team must strictly follow the estimated budge t resource in the organisational consolidation process. The business case report should be verified by the project manager on the weekly basis to identify the actual process of change. It is the obligation of the project manager to submit a report at the end of the each week to the management of Bakers World informing the summary of progress. Evidently, the weekly report must represent the actual cost as well as the estimated budget for the task completed (McNamara, Baxter Chua, 2014). In addition, the weekly report should summarise the challenges that must be dealt in the next week. Also, the report must identify any unscheduled pending work that has not been considered during the initial project plan. Precisely, the preliminary project requirement is to determine the key performance indicators (KPIs) so that the project leader can measure the success of the change implemented according to the set targets (Turner Weickgenannt, 2013). Budget Estimate and Financial Analysis The budget estimates and financial analysis of the online accounting software project for Bakers World have been presented herein below: The budget has been prepared on the basis of the historical data and best estimations made through market research (Unnikrishnan, 2012). It is expected that the project will cost around $30,000 for implementing the new online accounting system. As the financial projection is based on assumptions, a variance of no more than 10 percent is estimated for the project. The primary cost elements of the project include inputs, labours and training cost for the employees (Levin, 2008). The costs associated with the new online accounting system project are to be undertaken within the 2017 Bakers Worlds operating budget. The budget only presents the major expenditures without forecasting the financial returns in amount. However, the financial return has been presented in terms of sales growth percentage that is assumed to be achieved by the company in the upcoming three years. Please refer to Appendix 1 for the forecasted project cost. The project is forecasted to start on 1st November 2017 and the duration of the project is estimated to be around 120 days. Hence, the project will be completed by the 28th February 2018. The number of days required to complete each activity and the schedule of the tasks have been presented in the table given below: The identified risks that are expected to impact the project are presented herein below: Financial Risk: The expenditure above the estimated amount may lead to budget failure. Additionally, the changes in the external market factors may lead to overestimation of the return on investment (Stokes, 2011). Security Risk: The online accounting system is vulnerable to security threat such as loss of data and hacking by third party (Sheehan, 2016). Restriction from the Employees: Old employees who do not have technical skills may feel disappointed by the change that may lead to employee turnover (Schaltegger, Bennett Burritt, 2016). Standardisation of the project: The project may fail to achieve the desired objectives due to poor quality and improper input of data (Schaltegger, Bennett Burritt, 2016). Conclusion By considering the above business case on online accounting software for Bakers World, the new project will improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the employees. Furthermore, it will save time of the consumers that will enhance the customer satisfaction level. Additionally, the new accounting system will provide easy access of revenue and expenditure data of the two outlets to the head office without making any physical effort. Hence, the project is essential for the Bakers World to improve their service in terms of inventory management, accounts management and customer support. Conclusively, the cost incurred for the project can be earned back within a year with proper implementation of the new online accounting system. References Barsky, N., Catanach, A., Kozlowski, B. (2013). Creating Strategic Responses to Critical Risks Facing Accounting Education.Issues In Accounting Education,18(4), 445-462. Broadbent, J. (2011). Discourses of control, managing the boundaries.The British Accounting Review,43(4), 264-277. Cain, C. (2011). Making the case for precompetitive clinical development.Science-Business Exchange,4(20). Harrison, W., Horngren, C. (2014).Financial accounting(3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Levin, G. (2008). Project management accounting: Budgeting, tracking and reporting costs and profitability.Project Management Journal,39(1), 95-95. McNamara, C., Baxter, J., Chua, W. (2014). Making and managing organisational knowledge(s).Management Accounting Research,15(1), 53-76. Nandhakumar, J., Jones, M. (2011). Accounting for time: managing time in project-based teamworking.Accounting, Organizations And Society,26(3), 193-214. Rupert, T., Kern, B. (2015).Advances in accounting education(3rd ed.). Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Schaltegger, S., Bennett, M., Burritt, R. (2016).Sustainability accounting and reporting(4th ed.). Dordrecht: Springer. Sheehan, N. (2016). Identifying and Managing Control System Benefits and Costs.Accounting Perspectives,15(3), 201-212. Stokes, E. (2011). The Business Case For Research and Development.Journal Of Petroleum Technology,53(11). Turner, L., Weickgenannt, A. (2013).Accounting information systems(2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons. Unnikrishnan, P. (2012). Managing Risk, Ensuring Privacy and Preventing Fraud - Risk Management in a Computerized Accounting System.SSRN Electronic Journal.