Capital Punishment Essays - For the Common Good :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Capital Punishment Essays - For the Common Good Putting to destruction population judged to have committed certain extremelyterrible crimes is a practice of ancient standing, but in the United Statesin the second half of the twentieth century, it has become a verycontroversial issue. Changing views on this difficult issue led theSupreme Court to abolish capital punishment in 1972 but later upheld it in1977. Although capital punishment is what the people want, there be manyvoices raised against it. People every(prenominal) over the country vie this issuequite frequently. They question the deterrent put up, morality, executionsof innocents, and many more. I have heard a lot about the death penaltyand feel that the arguments against it are not at all convincing. Some people argue that capital punishment is morally wrong. Theyfeel that killing some one for their crime is murder. In any dictionary itstates that murder is the unlawful act of killing. Since capitolpunishment is within the law it is not murder. Also if executions ismurder then prison is kidnapping and charging taxes is extortion. in that location isa difference between crime and punishment. Are police officers wrong forspeeding to enforce the speeding laws? No. They in addition say that we shouldvalue all human life. Even the most despicable. It is because we valuehuman life so much that we put such a terrible consequence for taking it. whiz argument states that the death penalty does not deter peoplefrom murdering. To abolish capital punishment on this basis would be wayoff base. You would also have to get rid of prisons because they do notkeep people from committing crimes also. Texas A&M University collecteddata and the results are horrifying. In 1960 there were 56 executions and9,140 murders. In 1964 there were 15 executions and 9, 250 murders. In1969 there were no executions and 14,590 murders. Seven more years withoutexecutions and there was 20,510 murders. As you can see the deterrentef fect is there and works very well. As you can see the death penalty is for the common good and itsaves lives. People out there say that the death penalty is wrong, but

Combining Thrilling and Killing:Use of Violence in Psychological Thrill

Combining Thrilling and KillingUse of Violence in Psychological Thrillers As we speak, at that place is a man holding a gun to the back of your head. The cold muzzle stings the tender skin of your scalp and blood trickles to the floor from where the handcuffs leave cut into your wrists. Your eye, sensing death approaching, struggles in vain to slip through its cage of ribs and run screaming into the night, much like how the scream just fundament your eyes makes your vision blur and muscles twitch spastically. But perhaps you know the man behind you. Does that make you more or less afraid? maybe theres no man at all. Perhaps its you whos holding that gun. Maybe that gun isnt there either. Is such a thing possible? A loud BANG is your only answer.Now you stand up, brush the flecks of popcorn off your shirt, and leave the theatre. Tomorrow, when you tell your friends that the movie was exciting, thrilling, and heart-stopping youll most likely be describing one thing - violenc e. Never mind the unanswered questions of identity its the gun that made your heart race, the blood that made your pig stand on end. Does this mean you cant be thrilled without violence? Certainly not. What it means is that violence does thrill. Aside from being a biological fact, it also happens to be one which filmmakers have learned to expertly exploit. When properly employed, almost any object or action can set the heart thumping and send a chill down the spine, but to do so requires greater-than-average skill on the part of writers, directors, and actors, whereas simple violence requires relatively comminuted of these things. What motivates filmmakers to put in all that effort to replace a cheap thrill with a sophisticated one? Why do extremel... ...because to us, it exists as a part of our very selves.Works CitedHarris, Sally. Original Purpose of Escalating Violence in movies Backfired, Virginia Tech Film Critic Says. Virginia Tech freshs and Information, Oct 1999. Mar 2004 .Kelley, Richard. The Donnie Darko Book. Faber & Faber, 2003.Klein, Andy. Everything You Wanted to screw About Memento. Salon.com ArtsEntertainment June 2001. Mar 2004.Nolan, Christopher. Memento A Screenplay. Oct 1999.Piluso, Robert. Ah, Bloody Hell Violence in Film. Script Magazine Dec 2003. Mar2004 .Wood, Robin. Hitchcocks Films Revisited Revised Edition. New York Columbia University Press, 2002.

Janie’s Growth in Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston Es

Janies Growth in Their eyeball Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston In the novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God, by Zora Neale Hurston, Janie has allowed us to better understand the restraints that women in society had to deal with in a male dominated society. Her marriage with Logan Killicks consisted of dull, quotidian routines. Wedding herself to Joe Starks brought her closer to others, than to herself. In her final marriage to Vergible Woods, also known as Tea Cake, she finally learned how to live her life on her own. In the novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Janie suffered through homoy difficult situations that eventually enabled her to grow into an independent person. Janie Crawford was forced into a relationship with Logan Killicks unwillingly by her Grandmother, Nanny. When marrying Logan, she had to learn to chicane him for who he was and what he did. She never had the chance to know him before marriage. In the text, she says, Ahll cut de ptaters fuh yuh. When you comin back?. (Hurston, 26) This was something that she did not enjoy doing. She had to follow his directions and do as she was told. Janie was confine in this marriage with no self-esteem. She was dependent on Logan when it came to doing things such as chores around the house. As time passed, Logan had told her, If Ah kin haul de wood heah and chop it fuh yuh, whole tone lak you oughta be able tuh tote it inside.... You done been spoilt rotten. (Hurston, 25). Day after day, she would follow his directions, being so dependent on his orders until one day, Joe Starks came into her life. Joe Starks was a man who had promised Janie the best if she left Logan Killicks. Janie, if you think Ah aims to told you off and make a dog o... ...ance Passion, Patriarchy, and the Modern Marriage Plot. The Coupling Convention Sex, Text and Tradition in drear Womens Fiction. New York Oxford UP, 1993. 110-142. Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937). Urbana, Ill. U of Illinois P , 1937. Interpretations Zora Neale Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. Kayano, Yoshiko. Burden, Escape, and Natures Role A Study of Janies Development in Their Eyes Were Watching God. Publications of the Mississippi Philological Association (1998) 36-44. (ILL - not yet received) Kubitschek, Missy Dehn. Tuh de Horizon and Back The Female Quest in Their Eyes Were Watching God. Modern deprecative Williams, Shirley Anne. Forward. Their Eyes Were Watching God. By Zora Neale Hurston. New York Bantam-Dell, 1937. xv

A Comparison of The death of a hired man and Out, Out- by Robert Frost

A Comparison of The death of a eng develop man and Out, Out- by Robert hoarfrostRobert frost was born in Vermont in 1874 and died in 1963. Robert frosting was a do surviveer and lived in Vermont, USA. Both poems The death ofa hired man and Out, Out- are set on a farm in Vermont which isprobably because of where Robert Frost lived and holded.I will know begin to discuss the similarities. As I said previouslyboth poems are set in a farm enviroment. The poem The death of ahired man is probably set in winter so there would not be a lot ofwork to be done therefore Warren the owner of the farm would not needto hire any workers because he would be able to do the work himself.The poem ?Out, Out is set in summer therefore there would be a lotof work to do and this is the reason wherefore the boy, at his age, isworking.My abutting similarity is that both poems flow through chronologicallyfrom beginning to end and this can be said to be the first level ofunderstanding, the next level of understanding is that the poemportrays the last part of time that Silas and the young boy havealive the poem starts off and they?re alive and as soon as the poemsend so does their lives, thus giving the poem an abrupt ending, justlike actual death. So time plays a major role in these poems. Anotherexample of time is that both of the poems have a passage of time inthem. In ?The death of a hired man? the passage is when,?I?ll sit and see if that small sailing cloudWill hit or miss the moon.?After this there is a passage of time, which portrays Warren spendingtime with Silas.?It hit the moon.?This is like bloody shame telling us that Silas has died.My next similarity is that in both poems the poet shows a widerpic... ...ing that all(prenominal) has ofeach other and it seems to me that both knows how the others mindworks. In ?Out, Out-? there is no sense of relationship between any ofthe characters, I sense that the boy is in truth alone in his workplaceand that he is probably out o f the way from everybody else.Out of the two poems I liked the second poem better. The reason why Iliked this poem better was because I felt that ?Out, Out-? was a moreconventional poem and I liked the use of personification to call for thesaw seem to be alive. I could also relate more with the young boy, asI understand him to be around the same age as me and personally Iwould not be happy to be in his situation and to be working and I feelquite permit to be at school when compared to his life. The thingI like about ?The death of a hired man? is the loving relationshipbetween Mary and Warren.

Understanding Ourselves in the Age of the Internet Essay -- Sherry Tur

Understanding Ourselves in the Age of the profitIn her book, Life on Screen Identity in the Age of the Internet, author Sherry Turkle explains the effect technology has on the way individuals view themselves, and how this relates to the growth of postmodernist thinking. According to Turkle, the rapid involution of network technology, specifically the Internet, is responsible for introducing millions of people to new spaces and ways of interactivity with one an opposite.This revolutionary method for relating to others is swiftly changing how we view our minds, our sexual interactions, the forms of our communities, and even our deliver identities (Turkle 9). In the excerpts selected for our class reading, Turkle cites Internet communication technology such as chat rooms, MUDs (Multi-User Domains) and IRC (Internet Relay Chat) as the basis for the further exploration of our identities because, it is on the Internet that our confrontations with technology as it collides with our sense of human identity are fresh, even raw. In the real-time communities of cyber space, we are dwellers on the thres strike between the real and virtual, incertain of our footing, inventing ourselves as we go along (Turkle 10). As we invent new identities in order to harmonize with the changing frontiers of technology and society, our culture moves from the modernist idea of calculation to a postmodern concept of simulation (Turkle 20). To understand the difference between the postmodernist impact on contemporary thought as opposed to the modernist view, it is important to hold a basic understanding of both ideas. Modernist thought is difficult to accurately define - the gradual evolution of philosophy makes it hard to determine how long contemporaneity has ex... ...l life and what is considered computing device simulation. After all, most chat users argue, why grant such superior status to the self that has the body when the selves that dont have bodies are adapted to have differe nt kinds of experiences? (Turkle 14). The technological culture of simulation is gradually affecting the way we view our minds as well as our bodies, and a majority of mainstream computer programs are designed with this postmodern influence in mind. Rather than expecting to program aptitude directly into their computers, programmers now believe it is the interaction of smaller subprograms to each other that can create a greater intelligence. The relation of these programs to each other may become too complex to properly define or on the whole understand, but so are our brains - and this never prevented them from functioning competently (Turkle 20).

Understanding Ourselves in the Age of the Internet Essay -- Sherry Tur

Understanding Ourselves in the Age of the InternetIn her book, Life on cloak Identity in the Age of the Internet, author Sherry Turkle explains the effect technology has on the way individuals view themselves, and how this relates to the growth of postmodernist thinking. According to Turkle, the rapid expansion of entanglement technology, specifically the Internet, is responsible for introducing millions of people to new spaces and ways of interactivity with one another.This revolutionary method for relating to others is swiftly changing how we view our minds, our sexual interactions, the forms of our communities, and even our own identities (Turkle 9). In the excerpts selected for our class reading, Turkle cites Internet communication technology such as chat rooms, MUDs (Multi-User Domains) and IRC (Internet Relay Chat) as the basis for the further exploration of our identities because, it is on the Internet that our confrontations with technology as it collides with our sense o f human identity ar fresh, even raw. In the real-time communities of cyber space, we are dwellers on the threshold between the real and virtual, unsure of our footing, inventing ourselves as we go along (Turkle 10). As we invent new identities in order to harmonize with the changing frontiers of technology and society, our culture moves from the modernist idea of calculation to a postmodern concept of simulation (Turkle 20). To understand the difference between the postmodernist impact on contemporary thought as opposed to the modernist view, it is important to hold a basic understanding of both ideas. Modernist thought is difficult to accurately define - the gradual evolution of philosophy makes it hard to determine how long modernism has ex... ...l lifespan and what is considered computer simulation. After all, most chat users argue, why grant such superior status to the self that has the body when the selves that dont put one across bodies are able to have different kinds of experiences? (Turkle 14). The technological culture of simulation is gradually affecting the way we view our minds as well as our bodies, and a majority of mainstream computer programs are designed with this postmodern influence in mind. Rather than expecting to program aptitude directly into their computers, programmers now believe it is the interaction of smaller subprograms to each other that lavatory create a greater intelligence. The relation of these programs to each other may become too complex to properly define or completely understand, precisely so are our brains - and this never prevented them from functioning competently (Turkle 20).

Mary the mother of Jesus and the Catholic Church tradition

bloody shame otherwise called The dexterous Virgin Mary or The Virgin Mary or rejoiced Virgin terms commonly apply within the Roman Catholic church building to describe Mary the mother of Jesus whose teaching and beliefs form the reason of Christianity. The Catholic Church holds the position held by Mary in high regard and this has occasioned many teachings as well as doctrines on this subject. (Newsweek, 6)During the Second Vatican Council in the Dogmatic opus of the Church on November 21 1964, Mary was also given other titles of Mediatrix, Adjutrix and Advocate (http//www.whidbey.net/dcloud/fbns/marycoredeemer.htm)The term Virgin Mary is not used virtually as a belief in her virginity but as a sign of a role of life continuity for the Catholic Church and for the Christians life. In Catholicism Mary is viewed as alive, and living in heaven where she is able to hear prayers offered by human beings on earth then intercedes on their behalf to Jesus her son. (Newsweek, 6)Mary as op posed to Eve (the first woman) is considered as absolutely obedient in fact she was called the Second Eve by St. Irenaeus this was because it was through and through Mary that the first damage was undone, the damage that had been caused by Eve eating the fruit of the forbidden tree, where human beings were condemned by God to a life of sin.In 431AD, Mary was given the title Theotokos a Greek name that translates as the God- bearer or Divine Mother of God. This description is purported to be supported by the Holy Scriptures in Luke 143 when Elizabeth saluted Mary thus But why am I so favored, that the mother of my Lord should come to me? (Luke 143)Officially in the Roman Catholicism in that location are 4 dogmas or beliefs about Blessed Virgin Mary. They include Mother of God (Theotokos ) Perpetual virginity sinless conception Assumption in to heaveni) Mother of God (Theotokos)In Mariology or the Christian theology concerned with Mary the mother of Jesus, this is the main and prin ciple dogma. The Ecumenical Council of Ephesus state it in 431AD. It is also considered to be the oldest of all the dogmas.The dogma in Mariology is very important especially in the Theology of Christ because as it is argued, if Mary was not the mother of God then it did not hold true that Jesus was God. As pointed before, this dogma was based on book of Luke 143 through Elizabeths salutation.Mary as the mother of God is regularly addressed as Theotokos in most Hymns in Catholicism and other Eastern Orthodox churches. unmatchable of the common hymns that is used in most services is Axion Estin which means It is truly meet. Other hymns in this regard include the famous Hail Mary, infra thy Compassion among others. (Newsweek, 7)The brand-new ConceptionIn this Catholic Dogma Mary is considered as a very unique person among the humanity. She was unique because she was born without sin and was submit from the legitimate sin. It was also held that she was sinless in her absolute li fe.This dogma was promulgated by pope Pius 1X on 8th December 1854.According to the Catholic Church teachings Mary was allow grace since conception yet she needed a savior through Jesus Christ. to a fault by way of God, the Catholic Church teachings hold that she shared out in the gifts of the crucifixion of Jesus. Scriptural support for this is to be found in Luke 128 which is used to support the immaculate conception of Mary. Other scriptures in support of the immaculate conception is the instance in the scripture when she was greeted by Angel Gabriel as full of grace or highly favoredAlso according to this dogma, Mary was highly regarded as being the Ark of the Covenant in the New Testament and just like Moses who used incorruptible wood for the tablets, it was seen check for her to be made immaculate and incorruptible as well.The Dogma of Immaculate Conception was significantly given more prominence from the vision of Our Lady of Lourdes in 1858. A 14-year-old girl by the nam e Bernadette Soubirous at Lourdes made claims to the effect that a beautiful lady had made an appearance to her the beautiful ladys name as she put it, was The Immaculate Conception, the Catholic faithful believed this was indeed the appearance of the Blessed Virgin Mary. (Newsweek, 8)To show how solemn the dogma of the Immaculate Conception is in the Roman Catholic Church, there is a Holy Day of Obligation in 1st of January every year for this purpose and it is near celebrated as a holy day in some countries. (Newsweek, 8)Mary is usually highly considered in Catholicism unlike the rest of the humanity, she is considered to be free of the original sin. The Catholics argue that Jesus could not have been born in a vessel that was sinful. Thus to be able to carry Jesus in her womb she had to be free of the original sin. (Newsweek, 8)The perpetual virginity In this dogma, the Roman Catholic Church further affirms Marys real and perpetual virginity unconstipated in the act of giving b irth to the Son of God made man. (Catechism of the catholic church 499) what this meant was that Mary remained a virgin in her completed life and Jesus was her only biological son who was not only miraculously conceived, but born as well. http//www.cin.org/v2church.htmlIt is further believed that in fact, Christs birth sanctified Marys virginity. Scriptural support for this belief is stated thus The LORD said to me, This gate is to remain shut. It must not be opened no one may enter through it. It is to remain shut because the LORD, the God of Israel, has entered through it. (Ezekiel 442) this, according to this dogma there was no form of sexual intercourse between Mary and Joseph which would have defiled her. The Catholics therefore hold that Mary remained pure and undefiled in her entire life. (Newsweek, 6)Some important statements to support this belief would include the Lateran Synod of 649, where in the teachings of Thomas Aquinas Summa Theologiae III.28.2, Mary is said to hav e given birth miraculously without pain, without opening her womb and without injuring or rupturing the hymen. http//www.cin.org/v2church.htmlThe Assumption of MaryThis dogma is the last among the four and is the most recent having been dogmatically defined as infallible on 1 November 1950 by Pope Pius XII in his Apostolic Constitution.The Theology of the Roman Catholic Church holds that The Blessed Virgin Mary having completed the course of her earthly life, was assumed system and soul into heavenly glory (Pope Pius XII, 1950). What this meant is that Mary unlike other humanity was taken to heaven, united body and soul, thus she never died the natural death undergo by all living beings.The Roman Catholics celebrate the accession to heaven of Mary in the feast day as The Solemnity of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary. In John 143 Jesus in his Last Supper said thus And if I go and prepare a rig for you, I will come back and take you to be with me that you also may be wher e I am. Mary is assumed to be the person to take this promise. This is the scripture that is used to support the assumption of Mary into heaven.REFERENCESCatechism of the catholic church 499Pope Pius XII Munificentissimus Deus Defining the Dogma of the Assumption, par. 44. Vatican, November 1, 1950John 143, Ezekiel 442, Luke 128, Luke 143. Scriptures lifted from NIV BibleNewsweek cover story, 1997-AUG-25.The meaning of Mary A struggle over her role grows within the church,Rome says Mary is Co-redeemer, mediator, advocate, Way of Life, athttp//www.cin.org/v2church.html Vatican II, Lumen Gentium Dogmatic Constitution of the Church, Chapter 8, The Blessed Virgin Mary, Mother of god in the mystery of Christ and the Church, III, 62. See

The Two Nation Theory

i) Sir Syed Ahmed caravanserai The man who spoke first the Muslims as a nation in the modern times was no(prenominal) other than Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. In 1867, he give tongue to I am convinced that both these nations will non join whole he subterfugeedly in anything. At posture there is no open hostility surrounded by the ii nations. unless on accounts of so cal lead educated people it will increase in the future. Analyzing on the demand of Indian National Congress for introduction of parliamentary elections he said The proposals of congress are exceeding expediently for a country which is populate by two different nations.Now suppose if the English leave India who would be the ruler of India? Is it possible under these circumstances that the two nations, the Indians and the Muslims would sit on the same throne? Most certainly not. It is necessary that one of them should surrender the other. To hope that both would remain equal is to desire the impossible. ii) Allama Iqbal He was a outstanding philosopher and political thinker. He had studied Islam deeply and had profound ilkning for the Islamic principles.He compared the western culture with Islam and reached the conclusion that the welfare of mankind laid in the adoption of Islam as a way of life. He awakened the Muslims of the subcontinent and asked them to struggle for a separate homeland. This he did through his poetry. He said I am fully convinced that the Muslims of India will ultimately have to establish a separate homeland as they cannot live with Hindis in United India. Allama Iqbal openly negated the model of one nation and emphasize on the separate national identity of Muslims.He was against the separation of religion from politics India is a continent of human beings be to different languages and religions. To base a constitution on the conception of homogenous India is to prepare her for civil war. I, therefore demand a separate Muslim read in the best interest of the Muslims of I ndia and Islam. The Allahabad address The Allahabad address of Allama Iqbal carries great importance in the freedom struggle of the Muslims of India. In his presidential address he sort the two nation theory and demanded a separate homeland for the Indian Muslims.He said I declare that the fosterion of the separate identity is in the best interest of Hindoos and the Muslims. Since the Muslims of the sub-continent are a separate nation with their distinct culture and religious values and they call fored to have a system of their proclaim liking, they should be allowed to live under such a system in a separate state comprising of north western frontier province Sindh, Punjab and Balochistan. The nerve which Iqbal infused in the Muslims by his Allahabad address developed into an ideological basis for the Pakistan movement.The famous Pakistan resolution passed on March 23, 1940 at Lahore was in fuel based on Allama Iqbals presidential address of Allahabad. iii) Quaid-i-Azam Quai d-i-Azam gave pr spellical shape to the ideology given and enunciated by Allama Iqbal. He was at last successful in convincing the Hindus and the British of the reality of two nation theory and the Pakistan ideology. Jinnah, after entering into politics advocated Hindu-Muslim concurrence. He wanted joint effort of Hindus and Muslims. Thus, he came to be known as the Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity.Lakhnow pact became possible for his sincere acts in (1916) only later on he was greatly disappointed by the prejudicial lieu of Hindus and Congress towards Muslims. Now Jinnah believed that Congress will never recognize rights of Muslims. He said in the second round table Conference (1931). I want to inform everybody openly that the Hindu-Muslim dispute must be settled before the enforcement of any system or constituent. Until you cannot provide guarantee for the safeguard of the Muslims interests, until you do not win their co-operation, any constituent you enforce shall not last for even 24 hours. Jinnah was a firm advocate of two-nation theory. On March 23, 1940 he said It has been taken mistakenly that the Muslims are a minority. They are not a minority.They are a nation by all definitions. By all canons of multinational law we are a separate nation from Hindus. In 1942 he said We are a nation with our distinct culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of values, legal laws and moral codes, customs and calendars, historywe have our own outlook on life and of life. He further defined the two nation theory, The Muslims are a nation by every right to establish their separate homeland. They can adopt any mean to promote and protect their economic, social, political and cultural interests. In 1942 he said Islam teaches equality, justice and fair play with everyone. We should base our democracy on the principles and concepts of Islam. He said on 1947 at Islamic College Peshawar We did not want Pakist an to have a piece of land simply but we wanted a laboratory where we could experiment the Islamic principles. Syed Iqbal Jinnah from unity stance to segregation.Introduction Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Allama Iqbal and Muhammad Ali Jinnah are considered as the key personalities in the history of Muslim nationalism in the sub-continent. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan gave the idea of the two nations, Allama Iqbal dreamed a separate homeland for the Muslims in the basis of this theory and Jinnah made it a reality. But the history is self evidence of the facts that Syed, Iqbal and Jinnah, originally, were not in favor of separatism but the conditions were created in which they were forced to shift from unity stance to separatism. Let us now see why Muslim leaders changed their stance.Sir Syed Sir Syed the pioneer of Aligarh Movement, is criticized by some Hindu Historians as anti-Hindu or a narrow communalist in his outlook. This can be repudiated by the fact that, his efforts were decelerated tow ards the promotion and advancement of all his countrymen, with of feast a special reference to the position of Muslims as they were the fallen club. The translation society established at Ghazipur in 1964 which later on developed into Aligarh scientific society, whose object was to translate European literature into Urdu was being managed by Syed Ahmads life long friend Raja Kishan Das.Similarly the British Indian necktie established in 1866, with the object of keeping in touch with the members of the House of Common was composed of both Hindus and Muslims. He was evidently not addressing his own community when at the inauguration of the British Indian Association he said, The Indians (Hindus and Muslims) are loyal to the British. The year 1867 is particularly significant in the life of Indian Muslims.Syed Ahmed Khan was posted at Banaris when he sent a communication to the viceroy suggesting the establishment of a Vernacular University and a bureau of translation to translate U niversity text books into Urdu. As a counter proposal that the Urdu language written in Persian script should he discontinued in the government courts and therefore should be replaced by Hindi Language written in Devaragri script. It was the first occasion when he felt that it was now impossible for the Hindus and Muslims to progress as a mavin nation and for anyone to work for both of them.Simultaneously, he met the commission of Banaris and discussed the problems of Muslim education. The British official was surpassed at the change and said Hitherto, you have always been keen at the welfare of Indians in General this is the first occasion that I have heard about the progress of Muslims alone. He also said, Hindu and Muslims are like the two eyes of a beautiful bride Allama Iqbal Allama Iqbal was a poet and philosopher of India. He too was an ardent advocate of Indian Nationalism and Hindu Muslim unity in his early career.He was shifted from this stance in England during his stud y of western nationalism. The local political situation and Hindu Muslim siftS odd its impression over his mind. But the thing which transformed him from a great exponent of Indian nationalism to the advocate of Indian nationalism and pan-Islamic was the modern nationalism which had divided nations into warring groups resulting into two world wars. This was a positive approach. He wanted to solve Hindu-Muslim problems for once and all.In his early career he did his utmost to integrate Indian nations, but the time proved that his spiritualism and ideological change was the exigency of the time. In 1909, when he was invited to Amritsar to attend a meeting of a cosmopolitan organization with the rank and file opened to the Hindus and the Muslims. Iqbal politely declined the invitation and in the course of correspondence that ensured, he wrote I have myself been of the view that religious differences should disappear from the country, and even now I act on this principle in my private life.But now, I think the preservation in their separate nation enclitics in desirable for both the Hindus and Muslims. The plenty of a common nationhood for India is a beautiful idea, and has a poetic appeal but looking to the present conditions and the unconscious trends of the two communities this idea appears incapable of fulfillment. Jinnah Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who led the battle for the creation of Pakistan, was however quiet a late convert to the creed of Pakistani nationalism. He strived for a long time for a modus ivendi between Hindus and Muslims in an undivided India. He was described by Mrs. Sarojai Naido as the ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity. Gopal K. Gokhle was a literal leader of Indian national Congress who emphasized Hindu Muslim unity and under his influence Jinnah joined Indian National Congress in hope to bring the two communities into closer accord. From 1906 to 1920, when he left the Congress Jinnah stood for separate electorates not so much to strengthen t he Muslims separatist tendency, but to bring them upon the economic and cultural level of the rest of the Indians.His efforts in the forethought of Hindu-Muslim unity were unquestioned. Even when the relations between Hindus and Muslims were steadily deteriorating despite numerous efforts made between 1921 and 1928 to bring the two nationalities together, Jinnahs faith in Hindu Muslim unity did not weaken. But the cunningness of the Nehru report and later events slowly and gradually transferred this ambassador of Hindu Muslim unity to an extreme concept of Muslims separatism in India.

Continuous Deionization and Continuous Electro Deionization Systems. Essay

Continuous Deionization and Continuous Electro Deionization Systems. Our electrodeionization systems remove dissolved inorganics effectively and do not use any chemicals, which translates into cost savings. They require no chemical regeneration, no chemical disposal, no resin disposal, and low energy. These systems could reduce operating costs within your body of water treatment system, provide a safer employment and require fewer regulations. The main usage of EDI systems are in electronics, pharmaceutical, power generation, and cooling tower applications. Our water experts can answer any questions or concerns that you whitethorn have. How does EDI and CEDI work?Electrodeionization utilizes an electrode to ionize water molecules and separate dissolved ions (impurities) from water. It differs from other water treatment technologies because it does not use chemicals and is usually a pretreatment to reverse osmosis (RO). EDI is a regular answer. The ion qualify resins are being c ontinuously being regenerated by the DC electric field. There is no breakthrough of ions as happens in conventional ion alternate operations, therefore the quality of the water remains at a constant mellowed level of purity. The electric field also provides a bacteriostatic surround inside of the EDI cell, inhibiting the growth of bacteria and other organisms. commercial/industrial ion rallying systems and water deionizers.Total water provides ion exchange systems for production of high purity water. Our ion exchange systems utilize water deionization and demineralization to remove undesirable ions and replace them with acceptable ones. These ion exchange systems are used to purify water for laboratory, biotech, pharmaceutical, medical, food and beverage, hydrometallurgical, metals finishing, chemical and petrochemical, screen background and potable water, nuclear, softening, industrial water, semiconductor, power and other applications. Our certified ion exchange water experts can address any questions or custom industry applications that you may have.The deionization process uses synthetic ion exchange resin to remove dissolved solids from water by ion attraction and exchange. This synthetic resin is charged with either hydrogen (H*) or hydrated oxide (OH) ions which causes the resin to release their ions in exchange for the positively charged cations (Mg+2, Ca+2, Na+, etc.) which may be present in the raw feed water supply. Two typed of deionizers are commonly used, mixed hand over and separate bed.Amixed-bed deionizer combines both cation and anion resins in a single vessel. Mixed-bed deionizers can produce very high quality water that approaches the theoretical limits of purity (18.24 megohm-cm resistivity at 25C) and natural ph of 7.0. A separate bed system consists of separate vessels of cation and anion resin. Separate bed deionizers have the economical advantage of 16-40% greater. Custom water demineralization systems for your water needs.Demine ralized water (also known as Deionized Water) is water that has had its mineral ions removed. Mineral ions such as cations of sodium, calcium, iron, copper, etc. and anions such as chloride, sulfate, nitrate, etc. are common ions present in water. Deionization is a physical process which uses specially-manufactured ion exchange resins which provides ion exchange site for the heir of the mineral salts in water with water forming H+ and OH- ions.Because the majority of water impurities are dissolved salts, deionization produces a high purity water that is generally corresponding to distilled water, and this process is quick and without scale buildup. Demineralized water systems are the main equipment used in the preparation process of high purity water and treatment water. satisfied production of high quality water with less capital investment. Unlike permanent-bed deionizers, portable deionized water systems do not require capital investment, chemical handling, abandon management or maintenance.Even though they are portable, they can be used for many high purity water applications such as laboratory, dialysis, pharmaceutical and other industrial applications. The systems are more flexible for different applications or flow rates and easier to integrate into treatment systems. Our certified water experts can stand by determine if a portable DI water system would work for you. How does portable deionization work?It uses ion exchange resin in movable tanks or cylinders. These tanks are typically lined, fiberglass pressure vessels of varying sizes (usually volumes of .25 ft to 3.6 ft). Each size will accommodate specific total production capacities and flow rates to give way various situations precisely. Service deionization is a clean and simple way to produce purified water. All of the equipment, regeneration, maintenance and repair is provided bythe service company.The deionizers are installed on your knap water and operate on line pressure to provide ion ic contaminant removal. Eventually the ability of the deionizers to remove ionic impurities becomes exhausted and the service exchange company sends a serviceperson to remove the tanks on site and replace them with freshly regenerated units.

Nflpa Player Safety

NFLPA Player Safety The National Football League has lead the most exciting and thrilling sports league to watch in the stomach few decades. Most recently players hire become much faster and bigger than in the past and the safety of their lives excite become a risk. Recently the NFL has been subjected to a large amount of controversy and criticism dealing with how they have handled player safety. This issue has come to the forefront because concussions have become a weekly occurrence.In the last few years it has been studied then proven by doctors that former players have suffered traumatic brain injuries from hits to the head during their NFL c areers. As a fan of the NFL, I believe its best for the game that the NFL makes some change so players are protected for their safety entirely then once more you senst take away what the nature of this sport is which is a hard hitting hard sport. The NFL who is led by league commissi oner Roger Goodell trains to find a way to make th e game safer by keeping the players safe, fans entertained, and police squad owners content.As one of the biggest issues in todays NFL, I solved to pursue the question, are major changes mandatory to be taken towards player safety for the wellbeing of the NFL and the players? thither is a high probability that a mutual agreement will n invariably happen between the two but that doesnt mean that freshly rules and policies wont continue to be implemented for testing. The NFL has recently tried to implement new rules and policies to delay and prevent the highly rising concussion rate.They have changed to shorter kickoffs to reduce high impact hits and have also introduced stricter guidelines for player conduct on the field which includes fines for illegal helmet-to-helmet hits deemed inappropriate by the NFL. Are these changes the answer though? There is more needed to be done then just changing a few rules that will ultimately have a nethersized impact on this large scale problem. Many other strong options for change include equipment improvements, concussion research, and enforcing penalties to illegal hits. Roger Goodell express throughout history, football has evolved and become safer and better, and the future of the sport relies on the ability to continue to do so. When it comes to the priority of the league, Goodell made it clear safety comes first (SBNation). However the NFLPA does not believe the NFL is doing sufficient to protect its members. NFLPA Executive Director DeMaurice Smith has been demanding the placement of doctors on every sideline during games to help diagnose and treat concussions.This issue has to be taken in earnest because within the past year nearly one hundred former players have filed pleas against the NFL and want them held responsible for the players suffering from traumatic head injuries. Concussions are dear and they happen weekly in the NFL to players of all positions due to the tremendous force these players are hit wit h. The short and coarse term effects of concussions whoremonger be devastating to the human mind. Not only does the brain suffer long term physical damage but many players often suffer from long term intellectual problems.A prime example of someone who had been affected by head trauma was former linebacker Junior Seau. Recently a team of scientists who analyzed the brain tissue of renowned NFL linebacker Junior Seau after his suicide last year have concluded the football player suffered a debilitating brain disease caused by two decades worth of hits to the head (ABCNews). Junior Seau who had a 20 year NFL career was diagnosed with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) after his death. The real question is what couldve the NFL done to prevent such a terrible tragedy or did they not have the capability to control what happened to him?The NFL has said many times that it did not intentionally hide the dangers of concussions from players and is doing everything it can to protect th em. With the focus on head injuries in football being put under a microscope the past few seasons, the NFL is taking drastic measures savoring to find solutions that will help in the future. New helmet designs are a needed feeler to help create a safer NFL. With improvements to helmets that will help reduce head injuries gradually but it is still not the lone solution if players continue to getup improperly and go for head shots.During 2012 there was an estimate of nearly 160 NFL players who suffered concussions during this season. Thats a huge problem because recent studies link concussions to causing mental problems and has also been shown to lead to Alzheimers disease. In reaction to this issue the NFL has become concerned about head injuries and has commanded the tests of 11 new helmet designs from five manufacturers in the last couple years. On the other hand, there is a belief that helmets can only do so much as oncussions are mostly caused because of the gladiator mentali ty that the players play with because they want to make an EPSN top play. While helmets are being designed larger and more protective, concussions still occur regularly. Its incredible that they will ever be eliminated completely. Indeed, helmet technology has come a long way since the leather caps worn by old-time footballers, but helmet makers believe their products can only do so much to keep players safe in a culture that glorifies the big hit (SmartPlanet).New technology in helmets and equipment is much needed for the protection of the players and should continue to be a building block for player safety. Rule changing has become a yearly tradition for the NFL as they try and create new ways to make the game safer even if the players and NFLPA dont agree upon it. Most recently, Roger Goodell implemented shorter kickoffs which moved the kickoff spot up five yards from the 30 to the 35 yard line to decrease injuries, but would now largely increase the number of touchbacks.This ru le change could have a negative effect by eliminating the job prospects of special teams players. Cleveland Browns kick returner Josh Cribbs, the leagues career leader with eight kickoff returns for touchdowns, has been irate since owners, citing the need to protect players from violent collisions, announced the change during the lockout in March. I dont see (injury) stats behind it, and thats what the issue was, Cribbs said last week. Theres no stats to back it up. Their intentions are good, but the stats arent there to back up the reasoning (ESPN).During the last month a rule change that the NFL has implemented was met with high opposition as former and up-to-the-minute players disagree with the intention of changing the game. The new rule states that ball carriers would be penalized if they lower their head to deliver a blow. The proposed rule change for fertilisening backs mogul be the most absurd suggestion of a rule change Ive ever heard of. In order to lower ur shoulder u on the face of it have to lower ur head. Its a way of protecting ur self from a tackler and a way to break tackles (Matt Forte twitter).The real question is has the NFL become in like manner overprotective? Yes delivering a blow with the crown of your helmet can be the starting point of a concussion but is it worth taking away important parts of the game. The NFL is the greatest sports league in North America, but there are major decisions to be made in the next decade that could decide the future of the NFL. Ultimately, how sustainable is the NFL? With the hits becoming more and more violent and with players getting bigger, faster and stronger every year, how can the NFL survive long-term with such violence?It readiness take something horribly tragic before the NFL will act upon the state of the game and make genuine changes to aid player safety. But then again NFL players understand the risks of the profession they chose, nobody forces them to play football. At some point, th e NFL is going to have to force players to accept the risks associated with playing football. Nothing can make football a completely safe game no matter what rules or innovations are created. There will always be physical athletes forcing violent collisions.The NFL cant take away the heart and soul of the game just to make it safer. In my opinion the NFL has to embrace the physicality of the game and assume the risks that run along with promoting a violent sport but they should still continue researching the causes of concussions for a future solution. The years ahead will show if the NFLPA and NFL can ever meet a mutual agreement to satisfy the needs of their players and their safety in the long and short term future.

Examples in “The Brutal Business of Boxing”

The Brutal Business of Boxing written by author prat Head, uses all three forms of examples the widen example, the sentence length example, and the single example. The protracted example lies in the form of the entire essay. The entire essay is a exposition of one person is specific, where physical and personality characteristics are developed paragraph by paragraph. Due to the fact that the descriptions are centered on one person, this is an extended example.However, sentence length examples are included in every paragraph. Every paragraph in the essay is quite short and centers on providing information nearly the central topic of the essay, Muhammad Ali. The author uses single examples most often in the essay. Some examples of this are confident, articulate, charismatic (par. 2) lightning quick jabs (par. 4) and slow shuffle (par. 6). These single examples highlighting the character traits that the author would like the reader to envision.The Brutal Business of Boxing uses al l three types of examples throughout the essay to develop it. The entire essay is an extended example each paragraph contains sentence level examples, and each sentence contains colorful single examples. The essay is a wonderful and multi leveled model of an example essay. refer Head, John. The Brutal Business of Boxing. Found in WordsmithA Guide to Writing. 3rd ed. by Pamela Arlov. Prentice Hall NJ. 2006. p. 589-90.

Analyse and compare the ways in which Blake presents the contrasting ideas of ‘innocence’ and ‘experience’ in his poetry

William Blake was born on the 28th November 1757 and is considered one of the maiden sentimentalist poets. The Romantic era was a movement that began in the eighteenth century. Romantic poets who included Wordsworth, Keats and Coleridge believed in rebelling against ships companys values and the strict rules of poetry and art these were the concourse who changed English poetry. At the end of the 1700s Blake published a book titled Songs of pureness and Experience The cardinal contrary states of the human soul which contained verses on exchangeable subjects but explored in the two states of innocence and beget.I sh all(prenominal) compare four of Blakes poetrys in this endeavor The Lamb, The Tyger and The Chimney Sweep (which appears in both collections). The Lamb asks us to relate the delivers image as the most innocent of Gods creation, to that of its fall uponr, the lamb of God. It begins with a question made by a chela, who asks the lamb how it came to be and who mad e thee. Thee is the archaic form of the word you and Blake use it throughout the verse form, which furnishs it a religious tone as this was a word apply in the Old Testament. These first two lines are a rhyming couplet in tetrameter.When reading The Lamb magnificent images spring to mind, especially half dash through the first stanza by the stream and oer the mead (meadow). This imagery is similar to descriptions made in the Old Testament book of Psalms. (Especially Psalm 23, The Lord is my shepherd, I shall not want) The s stanza starts in much the same way as the first, with two lines of tetrameter. This time, instead of a question, a statement is made, leading on to answer the query made in the first verse. Again, Blake uses the archaic form of you Little Lamb Ill tell thee, to re-enforce the religious side of the poem.This stanza goes on to say that the lamb was nominated by the one who calls himself lamb, in other words, Jesus. Jesus is seen as the figure of innocence in the Bible. Like most of Blakes work, God has been discussed somewhat in this poem. severally stanza in The Lamb contains five rhyming couplets and the repetition at the start and end of each verse makes the poem sound slightly like a greenhouse rhyme consequently forgeing the child-like innocent qualities of the poem. It appears almost devotional and the rhythm helps to give it ballad-like qualities. The poem generally has a repetitive structure and rhyme scheme.Blake uses vocabulary similar to that of a pastoral poem. The answer to the question asked in the first stanza reveals the childs innocence and faith. It indicates that he accepts anything he is told without question. The child associates himself and the lamb with Jesus, and in the Bible Jesus shows kind-heartedness towards children. Imagery in the first stanza is descriptive and rural, for example By the stream and oer the mead. This forces the ratifier to think of the happiness and innocence connected with the count ryside. This contrasts with the second, which is to a greater extent apparitional and straightforward.Although the question asked by the child in verse one is naive, it is also very significant. It is a simple question but one that can be thought about a little deeper. This quality is present in almost all of Blakes work his poems can be read on a number of levels. The Lamb is a reminder of innocence in a time of war, revolution and industrial labour that was all taking place while Blake was writing. The Tyger is the experience counterpart to The Lamb it too begins with a question. The narrator is asking who created the tyger What immortal hand or eye/Could frame thy fearful symmetry.From then on each stanza contains more questions, which branch out from this first the narrator suggests the causality of the tyger is like a blacksmith, using words such(prenominal) as anvil and furnace in his descriptions. He seems surprised that the creator of the lamb could also be able to create such an opposite character such as the tyger. Blake could be comparing the two sides of man expert and bad as well as innocence and experience. The poem is made up of six quatrains in rhyming couplets. It is in a regular, rhythmic tetrameter.The swot up is very prominent and if read in a certain way could start to sound like a chant or a spell, this makes the reader feel entranced and in touch with the poem. Blake builds on the cerebration of comparing nature and art, suggesting that although the tiger is beautiful it is also very violent and this could perhaps glitter its creator. An underlying question arises whilst reading The Tyger what type of God could create such a scary beast but also a sweet lamb. By evolving this question further the poem could be seen to be asking why God lets bad things happen, when he can also let such well-grounded things occur.It ends with a repetition of the first verse, but uses the word dare instead of could. Blake is suggesting that because the tiger is such a terrifying beast, it would take great daring from God to create it. The central question in both poems is similar, but unlike The Lamb, The Tyger finishes without an answer. This could suggest that because The Lamb is in the innocence collection that the question more easily answered when thought about in a naive way. When thought about as it is in The Tyger, at a more in-depth level, the question becomes more complicated.When The Tyger and The Lamb are instanter contrasted they give a clear comparison of human nature, this shows that nothing is without its bad side, for example, there cannot be heaven without hell. In both poems Blake emphasises his main point in the first and last lines. The Tyger contains harsh verbs such as grasp and seize and also uses harsh sounding alliteration with the letters B, D and T Burning Bright, however, in The Lamb Blake uses softer letters such as L and M Little Lamb to show the gentle nature of the poem and creature being desc ribed.In both poems metaphors are used and reflect Blakes view on religion and God. In The Lamb Blake, through the eyes of a child, compares the creator, God, to the lamb itself For he calls himself a lamb. Here, Blake is describing Jesus, the Lamb of God. Blake often wrote about the same subjects in both collections, he sometimes named the poems identically, such as in The Chimney Sweeper in Songs of Innocence. This poem deals with chimney sweepers and the effect being one takes on a young childs life. It tells of two little boys and their suffering. One of the boys, the eldest, narrates.On first glance, the poem seems full of joy and gives the illusion of ending happily. Looking deeper, it conveys a pass on of exploitation and child suffering. The poem in Songs of Experience tells of a boy grieving and how he has to go to work, to almost certainly meet his death, while his mother and amaze think they are doing the right thing. In the first stanza of the innocence poem, the narr ator tells of how his mother died and how young he was. The juxtaposition of the words died and young cause tension in the first lines because death and youth are not often associated.The boy cries weep, weep, weep which has two meanings. At first it seems to be the boy crying, but to be a chimneysweeper you must advertise by shouting sweep, sweep, sweep. So by including this in the poem Blake has indicated that the boy is so young he can scarce pronounce words properly, yet he must go to work. In the next line, a second person pronoun is used which directly implies that the reader is directly responsible for the underage dangerous work being done making the reader feel responsible and guilty. The second stanza tells the beginning of a dream had by a younger boy, Tom.He dreams that thousands of chimney sweepers are locked in coffins. The word locked links directly with the word key in the next stanza and causes tension between the two verses. Blake was said to have had many visions of various creatures and slew. He claimed to experience them from early on. When he was nine years old he told his mother that he had seen a tree filled with angels, and not long after, in a field of workers gathering hay, a vision of angelic figures walking. He has incorporated his visions into this poem by using the idea of a dream. The third stanza contrasts with the second immensely.While the second is full of misery and contains words such as black, lockd and coffins the third tells of immunity and hope. The phrase their bags left behind in line three is a metaphor for their troubles left behind on earth. Blake uses metaphors to conjure up imagery in the readers head. The quaternate stanza contains the main message of the poem. Tom awakes to an angel telling him that if he works hard on earth he will be rewarded in heaven. This is Blake ironically criticising the hypocritical society of his time. The experience poem is narrated in third person and the first stanza contains the same phrase as the innocence poem.The boy is crying weep, weep which again indicates his young age. The first line of the poem, A little black thing among the snow, is a very significant one and brings to mind clear images of black against white. Again, Blake has used tension in the beginning of the poem to create strong imagery in the readers head at an early stage. In the second verse the child is speaking. He tells of how he was dressed in clothes of death and sent out to work as a chimneysweeper. Again, there is tension between the nominate of happiness in the first line and the word death in the third.Ironically, the parents are being good by clothing the child, but on the other hand, they are clothing him in clothes of death to be a chimney sweep. The last verse is the boy telling of how he fools his parents. He dances and sings to make them think they are doing no wrong, when in fact they are sending their own child to his death. The last phrase, heaven out of misery is a very significant one. The concept of heaven only works if there is suffering as well. There would not be a heaven if there were not a hell. Blake tells how children are being employ by the promise of eternal happiness for work on earth.Adult manipulation is very clear in this poem and Blake is being ironic by suggesting that suffering is the only path to happiness. Both poems contain clear messages. The Chimney Sweeper in Songs of Innocence shows that the children have a positive and naive outlook on life. They make the best of it and do not fear death this is because they do not know the truth and are therefore innocent. An opposite message is conveyed in the poem of Songs of Experience in which the child blames his parents for putting him in such a dangerous position.He is less naive and blames God & his Priest & King. This is different from the innocence poem because the little boy has been influenced by society and has an experienced view. The theme of God runs throughout bo th poems. In the first, an angel appears and talks about heaven. The word lamb in the second verse links with the lamb of God, representing Jesus and suffering. In the second poem, heaven is talked about and a church service is mentioned in the beginning. Both poems play on the idea of how to get into heaven and the naivety of young children.The poems that I have analysed in this essay have all included the theme of God, as did nearly all of Blakes work. Blake hated organised religion, but on the other hand was a very spiritual and religious man. The times in which he lived forced church upon people, rather than leaving them to make up their own minds. Blake also had a hatred for formal education, which we can see in his poem from Songs of Experience titled The cultivate Boy. He felt school was unnecessary and not having attended school himself thought that it oppressed the souls creative spirit.Blake wanted his current societys attitude to change he knew that sending innocent chi ldren out to work at such a young age was wrong. In some of his other poetry Blake concentrates on areas of society he would like to be changed, such as in The Little Black Boy. Blake thinks that the attitude white people have learnt to associate with black people is wrong and should be changed. Much of his inspiration came from the French and Industrial revolutions. In fact, he was so interested in the changes taking place in France, he wrote a poem The French Revolution in 1791.Blake was living in an ever-changing society, where traditional ideas and values were being questioned and new ones created he wanted to be a part of it but in his own imaginative, visionary way. The Innocence collection could represent the way that the society of Blakes time thought and believed, and the experience collection, representing the way it really was. The people of Blakes time would just ignore problems such as child employment and education, hoping it would go away, but Blake knew something ha d to be done, and he talked about this in his poetry.Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience give comparative degree images of children, babies, religion and the general society. It shows how different everything seems when we are innocent. Although the two collections show the two contrary states of the human soul, they seem to join together and weave the same themes throughout. rough of these ideas are included both collections of poems, but are talked about in contrasting ways, such as religion, children, education and death.

Who killed the princes in the tower

Edward V and his younger brother Richard, were sent to the Tower by Richard Ill( withal their uncle). the boys were declared illegitimate and the Duke was coronate King Richard Ill. Then the Princes vanished Richard Ill has usually been considered the most likely culprit. By declaring the princes illegitimate, he cleared his way to the throne. He would secure his position by having them murdered. In 1485, Richard Ill was killed in the Battle of Bosworth.The defeater, Henry Tudor, was crowned King Henry VI. It was in the Tudors interest to paint Richard as a villain. Henry VII is in any case a suspect. He married the princes sister, Elizabeth of York, strengthening his claim to the throne. This could have been jeopardised if the boys had survived. It does seem unlikely that they survived beyond the end of Richards reign without being seen. There are also other suspects including the Duke of Buckingham, once Richards closest ally, whom he later had beheaded.Thomas More, writing over 30 years later, stated that the princes were mothered on their uncles orders, secretly buried at the stair foot, and then reburied elsewhere in the Tower. Two skeletons, identified as those of the princes, were discovered when a building in front of the White Tower was demolished in 1674. The skeletons were examined in 1933 and pronounced as belonging to two boys, aged about ten and twelve. Were these the two boys? I think that king Richard Ill killed the two boys, precisely then again How could a man who seems to be so fiercely loyal to his brother, kill his brothers children after his death?Despite having eliminated the two princes from being in line for the throne, his claim to the throne was still insecure and the Princes could be a threat all the time they were alive. Richards enemies would seize on them as a attracter without real power and Richard couldnt afford that. Despite the rumours and accusations of murder, Richard never attempted to prove them alive by having them seen in public nor did he open any investigating into an investigation into the matter. This to me seems very suspicious and therefore that is why I am convinced Richard Ill killed the princes in the tower.

WorldCom, Inc Corporate Bond Issuance

This case raises many interesting questions concerning the record condition issuance of corporate debt by WorldCom, Inc. (WorldCom). Both the surprisingly voluminous structure of the proposed issuance and the foreboding macro-economic mode in which it was slated spark concerns everywhere the risk and cost of the move. One of the first questions that must be communicate is whether WorldComs timing was appropriate. Next, the smart go unders choice of structure for the chemical alignment issuance must be analyzed.Finally, the cost of issuing each tranche of debt must be estimated in order to determine how much WorldCom is rattling giving up to achieve the $6 billion in funds. Timing of the Bond Issuance Advantages In determining whether the first week of August 1998 was the most opportune m for WorldCom to foodstuff such a large bond issuance, the advantages of this time must be weighed against the disadvantages. First, we provide cover the advantages.The announcement of WorldComs monumental merger with MCI had recently boosted awareness and interest in the firm in a positive way of life (as evidenced by the surge in stock-price). This was especially important since the merger was set to be financed by the offspring, frankincense incentivizing investors to partake. WorldCom would not have had sufficient funds to complete the merger without the issue, and a WorldCom and MCI merger would be extremely advantageous for all parties involves. Post merger, WorldComs credit rating was expect elevate, which would enable the company to borrow at a lower rate.Finally, the macro-economic crisis in Asia had recently shifted investors interest away from equities to corporate bonds and treasuries, thus drawing even more interest in the WorldCom opportunity. Timing of the Bond Issue Disadvantages Although the advantages are numerous, the disadvantages of WorldComs timing are seemingly more persuasive. WorldCom had chosen to grocery store the issuance in a time when corporate yield spreads over treasuries had increased, thus granting investors the ability to demand more return. In addition, WorldCom was not the exclusively company issuing a large supply of bonds at that time.In fact, there were many issues set to hit the market around the same time. The sudden influx of corporate debt into the market would apply constrict on the price of the bonds while granting investors a wide range of opportunity and control. In addition, the economic tumultuousness in Asia at the time had caused a great deal of uncertainty about the future of the fixed-income market and the overall scrimping, thus pushing investors towards default-free treasury securities and away from corporate debt. Structure of the Issuance WorldCom has the option to fail its bank loan credit facility or to issue this large $6 billion in debt. It plans to use the rolling commercial paper program to pay British Telecommunications for MCIs share purchases, and and then use bond proceeds to pay off the commercial paper program. This signals that WorldCom does not need the bullion immediately for a single corporate purpose, and does not need the money immediately. Therefore, perhaps it makes sense for WorldCom to issue the bonds in smaller installments rather than flooding the market with $6 billion in debt all at once.The first reason for this is that, if an underwriter must first purchase the bonds before selling to investors, an underwriter may demand greater spread in order to justify taking down an entire $6 billion in debt using the banks capital assets. The sulfur reason is that, regardless of underwriting structure, market demand might not match market supply. If WorldCom is planning to issue $6 billion on top of other issuance this week, traders might not have sufficient inquiry to justify purchase large amounts of bonds. Choosing a Bond Issue Instead of a Direct Bank Loan WorldCom could overly choose to increase its bank loan use. However, us e of a direct bank loan has associated with it several(prenominal) drawbacks for an issuer. First, WorldCom (or any corporate issuer) is often required to post collateral. Second, banks often require restrictive covenants which posterior be either positive or negative for example, requiring a company to maintain a certain rate-setting functioning (positive), or preventing a company from engaging in a leveraged buyout transaction (negative). Estimated Cost of the Issuance From the covenants contained we can see that there are no embedded options in WorldComs proposed bonds.Thus, we can use the effected 3-step approach to price the bonds. The first step is to estimate the cash flow that WorldCom could expect to receive over the life of the bonds. If the coupon rate is equivalent to the yield required by the market, then the bond go out sell at par value. Thus, we set the coupon rate equivalent to the yield required by the market because we believe the bonds would sell at par. The next step is to determine the appropriate interest rate. Investors pass on require a yield premium over the U. S. Treasury security (Exhibit 1).This yield premium reflects the special risks that investors will accept. For WorldCom, who was currently rated Baa2 by Moodys Investors Service and BBB+ by Standard & Poors, the 3-years, 5-years, 7-years, and 30years bond spread over Treasury security should be 66BP, 75BP, 82BP, 107BP respectively (see Exhibit 2). Accordingly, the interest rate would be 6. 14%, 6. 26%, 6. 38%, and 6. 80% respectively. The final step is to determine the present value of the expected cash flow calculated in the first step, using the interest rate computed in the second step.Since we have used the yield that the market required as our coupon rate, the bond will be issued at par. So, using the information gathered, analysts may come up with a yield of 6. 14%, 6. 26%, 6. 38%, and 6. 80% for the 3-years, 5-years, 7-years, and 30years bond respectively (Exhibit 3). The deal was marketed to investors and the book was built. Compared with the data on the recent prices of the bonds of telecommunications and media firms (Exhibit 4), this cost of financing was not so high. However, it was the beginning of financial crises.In times of recessions, investors may concern that issuers will face a decline in cash flow that would be used to service its bond obligations. As a result, the credit spread tends to widen and the price of all such issues throughout the economy will decline. Conclusion Overall, it appears that the cost of financing will be reasonable. However, there are individual market factors that occur on the date of issuance that will still be determined. Underwriter preference, market demand, out of the blue(predicate) market dislocation, Federal Reserve action or announcements and other factors could suddenly uproot WorldComs plans for a smooth issuance process.

How the area of a wire affects the resistance in a circuit Essay

Electricity is conducted through a conductor. Resistance is the word practice sessiond to describe the opposition surrounded by forces. The more free electrons there are, the better the conduction and the worse the underground is. The more atoms vibrate, the more resistance there is. The free electrons are given energy, as a result they move and collide with the touch electrons. This happen through aside the whole telegraph. This is how the electricity is conducted. Resistance is the result of energy loss in word form of heat. How do we measure it? V=I/R V=Voltage I =Current R=Resistance Ohms Law.This law states that the current through a met allic conductor (wire) at a constant temperature is proportional to the potential difference (Voltage). in that respectfore the Voltage and Current is constant. If the resistance accessions the temperature increases, so it stay constant. At higher temperatures the particles move more quickly, increasing the collision of the free electron s. Possible Input Variables telegraph area Wire thickness Wire distance Applied pentadage Material Taught connections Cross- sectional knead Insulated Density of wire coil or not Temperature Preliminary Experiments.Easy to measure? Easy to dislodge Wire area V V Wire thickness X X Wire length V V Applied voltage V V Material X V Taught connections X X Cross-sectional shape X X Insulated X V Density of wire V X Coiled or not V V Temperature V V Applied I or V by a double cell which is deliberate by digital volt and ammeter. I willing find out the Resistance by the formula using R=V/I. Wire area. It is difficult to change the area. A possible solution would be to add wires and twist them together. Coiled or not? It has not got an obvious affect. The Voltage and Current didnt increase or decrease. Temperature.My whim was to set up a water bath to keep the wire at a kindred temperature at every point. I would sample with temperatures from 20? C-100 (room temperature to the bo iling point of water) Wire length. Is very swooning to set up. There is a very large range of results. Chosen Input variable I chose wire area as my variable because it is has a better variety of results. I will birth 8 wires with the same cross sectional area. It would be to expensive using different cross sectional sizes of wire. I will put the wire parallel of latitude to each other an twist them add the send away to increase the area of the wire.My chosen output variable is resistance because that is what I am looking for in the wire. Fair Test In the test I am not going to change anything ( wire length and applied voltage). The only thing I will change is the area of the wire (input variable). I will use the same equipment throughout the foot race, to make sure it is a fair test. If I would use different equipment it may give me different readings. I am using a sanctuary resistor, so that the current is the same and that the wire will not overheat. It would not be a fair test if the wire would heat because it would give my different sets of results at different temperatures.It could also be a safety hazard if the wire overheats. Method Cut eight wires of the same cross sectional area in 35cm length (only 30cm of wire measured because I have to attach crocodile clips on each side The equipment is as following 2 cell Battery Ammeter+ Voltmeter Safety Resistor 8 wires (35cm) 2 crocodile clips My circuit will look as following Let electricity pass through the circuit and note depressed the readings of the ammeter and voltmeter. Add more wires to the circuit and continue as planned Make three sets of results through an hi-fi experiment PredictionI will expect that if the area of the wire increases the resistance will decrease. This raise be proven by background physics of the past. Observation Test Results Nr. of wires This graph shows the voltages I measured Nr. of wires This graph shows the Current I measured Nr. of wires R1 R2 R3 Rave knowledge d omain m2 1/ battleground This graph shows me the resistance and resistance comely I have worked out. It also includes the formulas for the Area and 1/Area My Graphs are on a separate sheet of graph paper. Analysis My graph shows me that if I increase the area the resistance decreases.I have plotted two graphs to give me a wider range of results and averages in different areas (1/Area and Area m2). My Area graph looks like a y =1/X graph X Y 1 1 2 0. 5 3 0. 333 4 0. 25 To reassure this I have plotted an average 1/Area. If it is correct then I should get a straight line. When I plotted the graph I had a straight line. This tells me that the average is proportional to 1/Area i. e. Rave ? 1/Area. The slope is y/x= 10. 5/16= 0. 66 ? /mi I am ignoring the offset on my 1/Area graph This experiment shows me that resistance is definitely affected by the area of the wire.Looking at my background physics it has worked out like resistors on a parallel circuit. When attaching another wire to th e experiment it acts like adding another parallel resistor in a parallel circuit. So if the area of the wire increases the resistance decreases. Also I have learned if the voltage goes down the resistance goes up Evaluation I found this experiment easy to do. I had no anomalies on my graph. This means that the points I have plotted are all in a acceptable arrangement. There were no experimental caused by a faulty connection. There were no safety hazards and the experiment was safe to do.

Caring for People with Additional Needs Essay

IntroductionIn my AO1 caring for spate with additional use ups portfolio I am loss to provide and clearly display in great detail information and understanding of third causes of additional consumes. I will do this by researching a range of sources to get in dept information. hence I will provide an explanation with great content of the personal effects on state who atomic number 18 in need of these services due to their additional needs. Finally, I peg down to record in perspicacity and show understanding of each stage of the c atomic number 18 management process and evaluate how it is used to access, plan, implement, observe and review individual cargon plans.Definition of dis cogencyA physical or mental price, which has a substantial and long- depotinal figure adverse effect on a roughones ability to book out normal day-to-day activities.(http//www.equalityni.org)What is a physical disability?People with physical disabilities, also know as disabled citizenry or ph ysically disabled people, move over a physical impairment which has a substantial and long term effect on their ability to carry our day-to-day activities. soulfulness with a moderate physical disability would down mobility problems, e.g. unable to manage stairs, and need aids or assistance to walk. Someone with a severe physical disability would be unable to walk and mutually beneficial on a c atomic number 18r for mobility. Depending on their individual needs, disabled people whitethorn require an accessible home, with or without aids and adaptations. Occupational therapists will assess an individual persons needs for these, and refer the person on to the appropriate agency to have adaptations carried out. Care & Repair Services help disabled possessor occupiers and private tenants to have adaptations carried out. (http//www. outgrowthstopcareadvice.org.uk)What is a sensory disability?A sensory disability is when one of your senses sight, hearing, smell, touch, sagaciousness or spatial awareness, is no longer normal. For example, if you wear glasses you have a slight impairment. If you muster it hard to hear then you have a hearing impairment. You dont have to have completely lost a sense to be sensory impaired. (http//www.staffordshirecares.info)What is a Learning disability?A teaching disability affects the commission a person learns sweet things in any area of life, not honest at school. Find out how a acquisition disability washstand affect nighone, and who preempt offer support. It affects the way they understand information and how they transcend. This means they sack have exhaustingy Understanding new or decomposable information Learning new skills, and Coping independentlyIn practical terms, says Lesley Campbell from the learning disability charity Mencap, a learning disability means that its harder for your kid to learn, understand and communicate than it is for other tikeren. A learning disability is not the same(p) as learning difficulty or mental illness. People get confused if they start using the term learning difficulty. In education this means things like dyslexia, which is not a learning disability, says Campbell. Our definition of learning disabilities focuses on people who have difficulty learning across more than one area of their life. Its not safe to do with reading or writing. (http//www.nhs.uk)The three conditions I have chosen to focus on are humbles syndrome that is caused by a chromosomal overturn, rational paralysis that is caused by damage forward and after birth and diabetes that is caused by a disease and medical condition.Firstly I am going to research obliteratess syndrome, which is caused by a chromosomal unhinge. cumulations syndrome is a ancestral disorder that was named after John Langdon strike down, the doctor who first recognised it as a distinct condition in 1866.Downs syndrome affects a babys normal physical development and causes moderate to severe learning diffi culties. It is a lifelong condition that develops when a baby is still in the womb (uterus). Children who are natural with Downs syndrome also have a higher chance of developing other conditions, several(prenominal) of which are life threatening. (http//www.nhs.uk)Downs syndrome (DS), also called Trisomy 21, is a condition in which extra genetic material causes delays in the way a child develops, both mentally and physically. The physical features and medical problems associated with Downs syndrome can vary widely from child to child. firearm some children with Downs syndrome need a lot of medical concern, others leave alone wellnessy drop deads. Though Downs syndrome cant be prevented, it can be detected before a child is born. The health problems that may go along with Downs syndrome can be tough, and many resources are available to help children and their families who are living with the condition. (http//kidshealth.org)Downs syndrome is a genetic disorder that occurs in approximately 1 of 800 live births. It is uncommon in the UK, for example, from 2007 to 2008, 1,843 cases of Downs syndrome were diagnosed during pregnancy, and 743 babies were born with the condition. Downs syndrome affects to the highest degree 1 in any 1,000 live births. Downs syndrome affects all ethnic groups equally. Boys are slightly more likely (around 15%) to be born with Downs syndrome than girls. (http//www.nhs.uk)The likelihood of having a baby born with Downs syndrome increases with the grows ageWhat are the symptoms? in that location are estimated to be over 100 characteristics of Downs syndrome. Common characteristics of Down syndrome can intromit A flat facial profile An up heel over to the eye A short neck Abnormally shaped ears White spots on the fleur-de-lis of the eye (called Brushfield spots) A single, deep transverse crease on the palm of the hand Smaller than fairish size Exaggerated space between the first and second toe Poor muscle eminence (calle d hypotonia) Joint looseness Broad feet with short toes Learning disabilities. (http//down-syndrome.emedtv.com)The diagnosisAntenatal screening is a way of assessing whether the unborn baby could develop, or has developed, an abnormality during the pregnancy. Antenatal screening cannot diagnose conditions such(prenominal) as Downs syndrome, only if it can determine the likelihood of the baby developing the syndrome. If the risk of Downs syndrome (or any other condition) is shown to be high, further streaking can be arranged to confirm whether or not the baby has the condition. The test that is used for Downs syndrome is a combined pipeline test and an ultrasound scan, which is known as the combined test. During a blood test, a sample of your blood will be taken and tested to check the take aims of certain proteins and hormones. If the blood contains abnormal levels of these substances, one may have an increased risk of having a baby with Downs syndrome. (http//www.nhs.uk)The m ediatenceDowns syndrome is not a condition that can be cured. However, there are treatments and therapies for the physical, medical and cognitive problems associated with Down syndrome. medicines can be used to treat certain conditions that occur in people with Downs syndrome. For example, if a person with Down syndrome has a seizure disorder, they would benefit from taking anti-seizure medications. The babys pediatrician will be the main person managing the infants health issues. Most pediatricians have see dealing with the common medical issues seen in children with Downs syndrome. Children with Down syndrome are al most(prenominal) invariably referred to early intervention programs shortly after birth. Early intervention is a program of therapies, exercises and activities designed to specifically help children with Down syndrome or other disabilities. Physical therapy focuses on motor development. Since most children with Downs syndrome have hypotonia or low muscle tone, th e goal of physical therapy is to teach the children with Downs syndrome to move their bodies in appropriate ways, and to improve their muscle tone. Speech therapy is a very crucial treatment for children with Downs syndrome. Because children with Downs syndrome often have small mouths and slightly enlarged tongues, they can have articulation problems. (http//downsyndrome.about.com)Theres no cure, but treatment of any accompanying health problems and support for learning difficulties allows many people with the syndrome to lead relatively normal and semi-independent lives. opposites, however, need full-time care. many a(prenominal) people with the condition live well into adulthood, with an average life hold offancy of around 60 well-disposed classs. Physiotherapy, deliverance therapy and special educational programmes have an key role to play, while specific medical conditions associated with the syndrome are treated as appropriate.(http//www.bbc.co.uk)What are the short te rm and long-term effects on someone with downs syndrome physically, intellectually, emotionally and companionablely?Long term effects- physicallyCommon Downs syndrome physical effects can include thyroid problems, hearing problems, congenital heart disease, eye problems, joint and muscle problems, Seizure, bone, Leukaemia and other cancers, Immune placement problems.(http//down-syndrome.emedtv.com)Children with Down syndrome have a widely recognised characteristic appearance. Their head may be smaller than normal and abnormally shaped. Other prominent characteristics of Down syndrome are a flattened nose, protruding tongue, upward slanting eyes, short hands and fingers, and a single crease in the palm. (http//www.mamashealth.com)Short term effects- physicallyChildren with Down syndrome have decreased resistance to infections and are more prone to dental disease. Some people with Downs syndrome may have to wear glasses or eye patches.(http//www.health.state.mn.us)Long term effects - intellectuallyDowns syndrome affects a childs ability to learn in contrasting ways, but most have mild to moderate intellectual impairment. Children with Downs syndrome can and do learn, and are capable of developing skills by dint ofout their lives. They simply reach goals at a different pace. There is often a misconception that individuals with Downs syndrome have a static or predetermined ability to learn. This simply is not true. It is now known that individuals with Downs syndrome develop over the course of their life story and should be treated accordingly. The learning potential of an individual with Downs syndrome can be maximised through early intervention, good education, higher containations and encouragement. (http//downsyndrome.about.com) Some may not be able to cope up with complex thinking that is required in the study of certain subjects. Some may achieve the complex thought process much later. (http//www.buzzle.com)Short term effects-intellectuallyAs almost al l children with Downs syndrome have some degree of intellectual disability, we expect them to have more difficulty developing voice communion than normal children do. If the child with Downs syndrome does not have a hearing loss we expect the childs ability to develop vernacular to be somewhat dependent on the level of intellectual ability. Therefore, if the child has only a mild intellectual disability (and no hearing loss) he or she usually develops a great deal of speech and can have a frank conversation with family or friends. If the child has a very severe degree of intellectual disability we expect the Down syndrome child to have a great deal of difficulty developing spoken language, and we may use signs and/or simulacrums (augmentative communication) to help us communicate with that child. (http//www.sch.edu.au)Long term effects-emotionallyAround 1 in 5 people with Downs syndrome will develop a psychological or behavioural condition. Children Attention deficit hyperactiv ity disorder (ADHD) a behavioural condition that is characterised by a short attention span and impulsiveness Autistic spectrum disorder a developmental disorder than can cause problems with language, behaviour and social interaction Teenagers and adultsDepression a condition that causes persistent feelings of extreme sadness Obsessive compulsive disorder a health condition that is usually associated with both obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviour. (http//www.nhs.uk)Short term effects emotionallyBecause of the communication problems discussed above, people with Downs syndrome may have difficulty talking about things that make them sad or angry. Major life changes such as loss or time interval may prompt decreases in appropriate behaviour at school or work. (http//www.ds-health.com)Long term effects sociallyThey are recognisably inarticulate in their language and communication skills. Their emotional and intellectual addition is often retarded. Children with Downs syndr ome lack in social abilities. (http//www.buzzle.com)Short term effects sociallySocially people with Downs syndrome are affected, they may feel that it is difficult to mix with people independently, although further into their lives they may develop more confidence to be able to socialise more easily. Thats not to say that people with Downs syndrome are shy or unsociable, but just may have less confidence in certain years of their lives. Some people with Downs syndrome may have to be supervised because of their condition, leaving them less outgoing and feeling awkward having an adult watching over them.My second cause of additional need that i now in escape to discuss is noetic palsyCerebral palsy is a general term covering a number of neurological conditions that affect a childs movement and coordination. Neurological conditions affect the fountainhead and nervous system. Cerebral palsy is caused by damage to the mastermind, which normally occurs before, during or soon after bi rth. cognize possible causes of cerebral palsy include Infection in early pregnancy A difficult or premature birth Bleeding in the babys brain Abnormal brain development in the baby (http//www.nhs.uk) At some point very early in life, either while a baby is still growing in the womb, during birth or shortly after, something happens to interfere with the normal development of the brain or to injure the brain tissues. This abnormal development or spot disrupts the nerve signals between the brain and the muscles, leading to problems with movement, posture and coordination as the child grows up. This is called cerebral palsy. While some people are severely affected, others have only minor disruption, depending on which parts of the brain are not functioning properly. Its estimated that as many as 1 in every four hundred children may have cerebral palsy, which means nearly 2,000 babies, from all social backgrounds and ethnic groups, are diagnosed every year. (http//www.bbc.co.uk)About 1 in 500 babies born in the UK have cerebral palsy. The number of cases per year (the incidence) has not changed much over the period of 50 years or so. The health and care of mothers have improved in this time and some causes of cerebral palsy have decreased. However, more babies are universe born prematurely and surviving. A proportion of these will have cerebral palsy. This (together with the cause in most cases not being known) is probably why the number of cases has not changed much over the period of 50 years or so. (http//www.patient.co.uk)What are the symptoms?Cerebral palsy is often classified into different events depending on the type of symptoms, which in turn probably reflect which parts of the brain are not working as they should. These include Spastic cerebral palsy (about 70 per cent of all cases) some of the muscles in the personate are tight, stiff and weak, drawing the limbs in and making control of movement difficult. Athetoid (dyskinetic) cerebral palsy ( 10 per cent of cases) control of muscles is disrupted by spontaneous and unwanted irregular writhing movements. These may be the issuing of muscles changing very rapidly from being loose and floppy to very tight and tense. The muscles used for speech may also be affected, interfering with communication. Control of posture is also disrupted. Ataxic cerebral palsy problems include difficulty with balance, shaky movements of hands or feet, and difficulty with speech. Mixed cerebral palsy a combination of two or more of the above. In coordination of the muscles of the mouth may cause feeding problems such as slow feeding, gagging and vomiting. There may be delayed motor milestones, such as locomote and walking, weakness or paralysis of the limbs, an abnormal gait and slowness in developing speech and social skills. As many as one in three children and adolescents with cerebral palsy also has epilepsy (or seizures).Other common problems include Difficulty with walking, writing, ea ting, talking, dressing Problems with balance and coordination Difficulty controlling and maintaining posture (they may need help to sit upright) Visual difficulties Hearing problems (http//www.bbc.co.uk)The symptoms of cerebral palsy normally become apparent during the first three years of your childs life. Your child may be slower in achieving important developmental goals, such as learning to crawl, walk or speak. Children with cerebral palsy also tend to have problems with their muscle tone (the unconscious ability to contract or relax muscles as needed). Your child may have Hypertonia increased muscle tone, which can make them appear stiff or rigid Hypotonia decreased muscle tone, which makes them appear floppy (http//www.nhs.uk)The diagnosisThe paediatrician will gestate about a childs history and their pattern of development. They will also study a childs reflexes, posture, motor skills and muscle tone. Depending on the childs age, they may also be referred to an educati onal psychologist so the childs intellectual development can be assessed. Further tests may be recommended to rule out other conditions, which cause similar symptoms to cerebral palsy, such as a tumour or muscular dystrophy (a genetic condition affecting the development of the muscles). In some cases, further testing will also be able to confirm a diagnosis of cerebral palsy. This is because the condition can cause changes to the structure of the brain, which can be detected by the tests. Tests a child may require include Blood tests Cranial ultrasound, which uses sound waves to build up a picture of the childs brain tissue MRI scan, which uses radio and magnetic waves to study the brain in more detail CT scan, which uses a series of X-rays that are then assembled by a estimator to create a detailed 3-D model of a childs brain While a confident diagnosis of cerebral palsy can usually be made when s child is two or three years old, the type and severity of a childs cerebral palsy may not be determined until they reach four or five-spot years of age. (http//www.nhs.uk)TreatmentTheres no cure for cerebral palsy. However, there are mountain of treatments and therapies that can reduce the impact of the condition by easing symptoms such as spasticity, improving communication skills and finding other ways to do things. Physiotherapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy can all play an important part. Children with cerebral palsy do best when they get special help from an early age. Because the brain changes a lot during the first few years of life, it can be difficult to assess the extent of cerebral palsy at first, but most experts suggest babies should be first assessed at about 9 to 12 months. Many children with cerebral palsy benefit from an approach known as conductive education, which helps them to get across movement problems and gain some control through special education and rehabilitation.Adults can get a lot from it too. Speech and language thera py helps with speech development and also with eating, drinking, and swallowing. Surgery is sometimes needed to make better any deformities that develop as a result of abnormal muscle development or function. Medication can reduce muscle hyperactivity and spasticity, but physiotherapy is the bedrock of cerebral palsy management and can helps with posture and movement. It also tries to prevent progression of disability. Occupational therapy helps children overcome difficulties performing everyday tasks, encouraging them to lead independent lives. With help, most people with cerebral palsy are able to live much the same sort of lives as everyone else. They may have to work a bit harder to overcome practical problems, but most things are possible. (http//www.bbc.co.uk)

Pervasiveness of Marketing

Vital trade decisions atomic number 18 get up by every(prenominal) backing and as important as it is to make the right chore decision it is essential that marketing professionals understand how their marketing impacts our affectionate determine. on that point atomic number 18 several different charges that marketers get their meat across to potential customers(1), each marketing communications machine rear end aim different effect on us. Marketing is intrusive, businesses argon constantly sieveing to push their brands in our faces we b bely process single piece of information before the next one comes shooting our way.The pervasiveness marketing has undoubtedly influenced our mind-set and conduct a disposable culture creeps closer to becoming reality. Its beca apply our buyer demeanour is stunt woman based, we care about how differents weigh us more than(prenominal) than how we discover ourselves. This hugely changes our views on society coeval marketing has made us believe that we are what we buy, and that the brands we accept are a direct reflectivity of us. Marketing is an integral business function, but is hardly respected. It continually aims to stimulate entreat which leads to new customers and that leads to more market share.No longer stomach marketing be tunnel visioned in its pursual for brand awareness. Certain companies become mastered the AIDA model and offer use their understanding on multitudinous consumers, the Sony Bravia advertizing with the bouncing balls(2) went through the whole cycle from attention all the way to stimulating operation making them buy products they didnt particularly exact in the first place. Point-Of-Sale cues are use relentlessly and marketers are accused of not looking at how their decisions impact broader society. Our kind values are changing to customers being more self-centred and buying everyaffair that suits them.Our social values include friends, who we want to sacrifice a go od time with. But playing on the back of our heads constantly, is how cool we think we look, have we impressed our friends? Do we have the right clothes on? Do we have the right knell? As I mentioned, we think that the brands we own are a reflection of us so we try and buy the right products, not only to suit our personalities but to fit in. There is one thing that hugely influences our social values, and thats technology(3).A wireless world is slowly becoming more of an actuality as time goes on. The internet, as enthralling as it may be, has made people ess sociable and more secluded. perchance one of the most important social values is quality time with our families this is not possible if we are glued to the monitor during dinner time. In the past, dinner meant the whole family sitting around a table, having a laugh and eating to their hearts content. The internet has cut into this social value and is influencing young minds. But its been a fantastic medium for communication and a brilliant source for information. Both ways can be argued. Advances in technology go forth introduce location based advertising in the future(4), this makes us even more reliant on technology.This means that where ever we are, we will be targeted by businesses which this instant impact our social lives making us shop instead of talk to those we may know in the area. The whole notion of positioning is based upon understanding the consumer not society, making us feel bid we can familiarise ourselves with the brand, so that it doesnt feel alike marketing but instead feels like a developing relationship. Segmenting customers is a common marketing tool used when it comes to deciding on a target market. But it has huge disadvantages on society a common way for segmentation to slay place is with airlines.First class, business class and economy are forms of segmenting the market. Customers who have high disposable income doesnt necessarily have to fly first class but the position ing of first class in the consumers mind communicates the message that if you can afford it, go for it. First class passengers have made the connector that flying in luxury means they are successful and are respected. When in realness, they simply have more money than the average person. Economy flyers are made to think that they are normal, nothing special, but some of them could actually be successful.Some of them may have significantly advanced in their careers, and may have even helped the world The social values of first class travellers has changed into looking down on other passengers who arent flying first class the feeling of self accomplishment is mediocre an misrepresentation created by marketing. There are other marketing tools which de-individualises customers and sees them as groups and not individuals. An example of this is the postcode analysis, this influences the social values of consumers into thinking that they are only as good as the people who live cheesepa ring them.Marketing professionals need to start respecting customers as customers, and they need to understand the uniqueness of each individual consumer. There is a truly important marketing tool that can assess how much marketers are impacting our social values. Businesses can construct a PESTEL analysis of themselves to gain a better understanding of what is in their way and what they need to take into account before implementing any marketing decisions. MOSAIC is another segmentation tool used by marketers to decide exactly how to target their target market.This generalises too much and doesnt see customers as individuals, but as titles. There is one main point that marketing critics keep convey up. They see branding as being misleading to consumers, that the associations made with the product or service is just an illusion and doesnt reflect the actual quality of the product or service itself(5). Marketers definitely need to take this into account when taking care of brand ma nagement. However an argument against this is that branding gives people confidence, it helps consumers see themselves in a desirable light when owning a particular brand.It makes them feel like they are a part of something, this positive feeling surely cant be criticised. An example of a business who tries to create a strong association is Disney. Their chain of Magic Happens adverts definitely play on our steamy strings(6). They play on portraying the dreamy effect with their brand communication, which withholds powerful emotional appeals. Disney sells an experience, something intangible. This works really well when it comes to targeting electric shaverren, the imagination of a child is endless with hardly any limits.However this really affects childrens social values, making them almost worship Disney characters. Ultimately, this makes the children think that going to Disney Land is described as a dream come true taking their minds off of the important things in life. Another e xample is coca plant Cola. Their marketing strategy relies on making the consumer feel satisfaction when insobriety Coke, making the consumer feel unfermented and happy. The Coke slogan is Open coke. Open happiness(7). The association that will be made is definitely an emotional one, and will make customers feel like someone when they drink a can of coke in front of people.This is probably the brand that endangers our social values the most, ascribable to the obvious grounds that happiness is achieved through success or through a positive social encounter. Not from drinking Coke, this is nothing more than a positioning strategy. Behavioural psychology explains the laws of classical and operant condition. This has been used by many businesses in order to condition a specific response from a customer. Classical conditioning can be, and has been used in various advertisements in order to create lasting associations that will be profitable to the business.A psychologist called Pavlo v tests classical conditioning in one of hes experiments(8), and since then, he has influenced the use of hes findings by many marketers. An example of this is McDonalds, the first time we heard the famous McDonalds concise and snappy jingle we didnt know what to make of it. But afterwards a few more adverts we made the association between the jingle and the slogan Im lovin it(9). Whilst this association was being made, you can visualise the McDonalds logo and any images they want you to see.The general feel of the adverts are happy and upbeat. With time, our association became so strong, that all McDonalds do now is play the jingle, and we all say or think Im lovin it. This then becomes our unin condition(p) response to the jingle, which started off as being a neutral stimulus. So as you can see, classical conditioning is a powerful tool that marketers use, and we have attempted to create an advert whilst trying to apply the laws of classical conditioning. Customers are almost hy pnotised into thinking exactly what McDonalds wants them to think.This changes our social values into being more self-centred, making us seek pleasure for ourselves and gets rid of the whole idea of togetherness and sharing. The psychodynamic cost in psychology was devised by Sigmund Freud, an influential figure in psychology. He said that our conscious thoughts and actions are influenced by unconscious drives, such as the sex drive(10). Marks and Spencer victuals adverts take advantage of this idea. The woman speaking in the background speaks in a soft, sensual voice making it seem the food should be eaten in an intimate way(11) which almost makes us think their selling sex.According to the psychodynamic approach, our unresolved child issues and our sex drive will influence our conscious behaviour which is to ultimately buy the food. Marketers need to be very careful with this type of advertising its almost as if the consumers are not in control of what they like. Our social valu es may have been having a laugh with friends of the opposite gender, but due to this kind of mental approach to advertising it may unwillingly effect the perception of the customer. Using psychological approaches in adverts is legal, but it doesnt mean its moral.The mind-set of the customer changes, their perception changes and so their behaviour changes this can be seen as immoral. Companies ensure they put all side effects of certain products on the packaging but when are marketers going to actually take into account the side effects of their own decisions? If a certain type of marketing impacts broader society too much, and stimulates demand to an extent that the environment will suffer the marketers should definitely take it easy and refrain from these types of activities.Every career needs to work towards a better world to live in this is what morality is all about. The strategic business function that creates value by stimulating, facilitating and fulfilling customer demand(1 2) this is on of the explanations of marketing. But how will consumer sovereignty affect this? The old definition was meeting customer needs profitably, customers may decide what will be produced or on the other hand marketers may decide what consumers should be interested in. It all depends on how society is looked after by marketers, and how society reacts to marketing decisions.Our social values stems from how society operates and how society holds up against continual marketing activities. The decisions that marketers make impact society hugely, it can increase demand and can decrease demand. McDonalds have been successful at stimulating demand, due to this they have had to create 4000 new jobs(13). But even though more demand means success to a marketer, there is always backlash. There is a protest against the promotion of dispute food, the unethical targeting of children, exploitation of workers, animal cruelty, damage to the environment and the global domination of corporat ions over our lives.Marketing strategies are successful at making a profit, but its time marketing professionals look after the society which they themselves are a part of. Not necessarily societal marketing, but just development some of the concepts of this type of marketing. I think that its a personal challenge to each and every one of us to act and speak in a way which doesnt reflect the conditioned responses that marketing and movies have created. Our social values echo our personality and what we hold close to our hearts marketing professionals can change or strengthen this. That means reliability is a necessity as a marketer.Referenceshttp//inventors.about.com/od/timelines/a/ModernInvention.htmhttp//www.e-lba.com/ELBA%20Overview%20english.pdfhttp//nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/pavlov/readmore.htmlhttp//www.textart.ru/database/slogan/fast-food-advertising-slogans.htmlhttp//webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/freud.html